Surfactants diesel fuels

Nonfood Uses. Vegetable oils are utilized in a variety of nonedible applications, but only a few percent of the U.S. soybean oil production is used for such products (see Table 13). Soybean oil is converted into alkyd resins (qv) for protective coatings, plasticizers, dimer acids, surfactants (qv), printing inks, SoyDiesel fuel (methyl esters used to replace petroleum-based diesel fuel) and other products (76). 

Cetane engine, 12 422 Cetane number, 18 668 of diesel fuel, 12A22-A23 Ceteareth-10, cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t Ceteareth-40, cosmetic surfactant, 7 834t Cetoleic acid, physical properties, 5 31t Cetone alpha, 24 565 CETP inhibitors, 5 144t Cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), 4 358t. 

Many new sugar based products present the advantage of being non-toxic and biodegradable. The products resulting from the telomerization of 1 with appropriate nucleophiles such as alcohols, amines, water, or carbon dioxide serve generally as useful intermediates in the synthesis of various natural products and fine chemicals [60-63], as precursors for plasticizer alcohols [56, 64], components of diesel fuels [65], surfactants [11, 66], corrosions inhibitors, and non-volatile herbicides [67]. 

The high content of water and emulsifier in this fuel creates some differences in handling and application compared to conventional diesel fuel. The surfactant quality of the emulsification additive in the fuel can remove existing deposits from the internal surfaces of fuel handling and storage systems. Problems with fuel discoloration and fuel filter plugging may follow. Compared with conventional diesel, fuel economy ratings per tank of fuel will drop because the overall carbon content per unit volume of fuel is lower. This is due to carbon displacement by water. 

A microemulsion fuel suitable for use in diesel engines has been prepared from diesel fuel, ethanol, traces of water and cationic surfactants as emulsifiers, plus other additives [94]. Suitable cationic surfactants are alkyl polyamines and their alkoxylates. The fuels benefit from improved lubricity. 

Diesel fuel [mg] Lubricating oil [mg] Texapon NSO (surfactant) Dodecanoic acid methyl ester River fulvic acid... 

Surfactant Flooding of Diesel-Fuel-Contaminated Soil... 

PETERS ET AL. Surfactant FhmUng of Diesel- Fuel-Contamirmted SoU... 

A comparistxi of TPH removal values obtained by leaching columns with water alone and with surfactant solution (Table VIII) shows that the only substantial increase in amounts of TPH remove was observed in the 26.2-m column (S-13) a dramatic decrease was observed in the 23.2-m column, and only slight differences were observed in the 6.3-m and 17.1-m columns. These results indicate that the use of surfactants 15 and 18 did not yield an improvement over using water alone, but surfactant 13 was quite successful in enhancing the diesel fuel mobilization. The generally poor performance of these surfactants is in contrast to the screening results (Table IV) and the results of other studies (6-9). 

Use of surfactants may prove to be a good technique for separating diesel fuel fit>m a soil as indicated in results obtained in preliminary screening tests (removal efficiencies up to 97%) and from results of other studies performed on laboratory-packed soil columns (removal efficiencies up to 8.6%), assuming flow through the bulk matrix. Results presented here using undisturbed, diesel-fuel-contaminated soil cores taken from a site indicate, however, that removal of diesel fuel from the soil flooded with surfactant solution was generally less than 1%. Low removal efficiencies in these soil... 

Foam fluids are essentially two-phase fluids that consist of an inner phase and an outer phase. The inner phase is generally gaseous, usually N2 however, it can be liquid or dense vapor as is the case when C02 is used. The external phase is primarily composed of a saline—water mixture with either a surfactant or gellant depending upon the viscosity and stability requirements. Other external fluids commonly used are either hydrochloric add or alcohol—water mixtures. Diesel fuel, reformates, or other hydrocarbon-based solvents can also be used as external-phase fluids but require N2 as the energizer. Carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons produce a single-phased fluid, because C02 is very soluble in hydrocarbon liquids. 

It was shown that in the presence of oil-soluble surfactants, stable foams are formed at a certain water content in diesel fuel, and maximum stability is achieved at a relatively low aqueous phase concentration (1% - 2%) corresponding to the transition of the solubilised solution to an inverted emulsion [265] with increasing viscosity of the surfactant solutions in the diesel fuel, the foam stability increases substantially. These ideas can be used when considering foam formation in other petroleum products containing small amounts of water and natural surfactants. 

A simple method gas been proposed for the improvement of the properties of diesel fuel (60). There is no need for the addition of surfactants, chemicals or other pollutants. 

The surfactant industry of the future will continue to face many challenges. Commodity snrfac-tants will continue to be driven by cost and environmental safety. The market will demand reliable low-cost supply and environmental acceptance. New surfactant technology will be a portion of the future revolution in surfactants. This innovation will likely come from gas to liqnids (GTL ) technology and catalyst/process breakthrough such as those already demonstrated by Sasol. GTL is the general process name for conversion of natural gas, coal, biomass, or other carbon-containing raw materials to higher liquid hydrocarbons, and more specifically to naphtha, jet/diesel, and diesel fuel. 

Lange, E. A. and Lin, Q. Preparation of Surfactants from a Byproduct of Fossil Fuel Biodesulfurization. Chapter 9 in Chemistry of Diesel Fuels. C. Song, S. Hsu and I. Mochida, eds., Philadelphia Taylor Francis, 2000. 

Generally, the only bundles that will be hard to clean will be those between the bottom of the fractionator and the reactor. These units may be coked if the process was upset. The other bundles can be cleaned by first circulating the light cycle oil, which is a cut off the fractionator. Diesel fuel may also be used. The addition of a surfactant to the diesel will help disperse the deposits, but more than one system volume will probably be needed. An emulsion can be used with the last stage to remove iron oxides. If the acid is the inner phase, passivation may not be required. If the cleaning stages are separate, or if the organic is the inner phase, then ammonium citrate is recommended for passivation because sodium is also a catalyst poison. 

Bio-oils could be blended with the conventional diesel fuels to be used as a transportation fuel. Since bio-oils are immiscible in hydrocarbons, they can be emulsified in presence of a surfactant. The viscosity and corrosiveness of emulsified bio-oils has been found to be much lower than that of crude bio-oil (Ikura et al., 2003). The high cost and energy input during emulsification are major factors for consideration in bio-oil upgrading. 

Uses Surfactant intermediate for pour pt. depressant formulations for diesel fuel, paper chem. aux., personal care prods. 

Uses Surfactant used with Miranate 899-1 to gel crude oils, kerosene, and diesel fuels potential gelling agent for other org. systems, paints Rhodafac MC470 [Rhodia Novecare]... 

Table 4.15 Surface Tension Depression by Fluorinated Surfactants in Diesel Fuel...

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