Diesel-contaminated soil

Biodegradation can be accelerated in a prepared bed reactor with forced aeration. These reactors (Figure 1.2) are used at many Superfund sites for bioremediation of PAHs and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) (Alexander, 1994). This method, with recirculating leachate, was used to reduce the average total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in a diesel-contaminated soil from 6200 mg/kg dry soil to 280 mg/kg in approximately 7 weeks (Reynolds et al., 1994). A bed reactor with forced aeration was also used to treat 115 000 m3 of soil contaminated with bunker C fuel oil (Compeau, Mahaffey Patras, 1991) and 23 000 m3 of soil contaminated with gasoline and fuel oil (Block, Clark Bishop, 1990). 

Barahona LM, Loyo L, Guerrero M, Ramirez S, Romero I, Jarquin CV, Albores A. 2005. Ecotoxicological evaluation of diesel-contaminated soil before and after a bioremediation process. Environ Toxicol 20 100-109. 

Namkoong, W., Hwang, F.-Y., Park, J.-S., and Choi, J.-Y. 2002. Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil with composting. Environmental Pollution, 119 23-31. 

Xiang Y, Morgan SL, Watt BE. 1995. TPH and BTEX quantitation in gasoline and diesel contaminated soils by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatographic Science 33 98-108. 

Joo, C.S. Oh, Y.S. Chung, W.J. Evaluation of bioremediation effectiveness by resolving rate-limiting parameters in diesel-contaminated soil. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2001, 11 (4), 607-613. 

Qian Y. (1998). Effect of Cationic Surfactant (CTAB) in the Electrokinetic Remediation of Diesel-Contaminated Soils. MSc Thesis, Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 

Lee H-S, Lee K. (2001). Bioremediation of diesel-contaminated soil by bacterial cells transported by elctrokinetics. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11 1038-1045. 

Milcic-Terzic J, Lopez-Vidal Y, Vrvic MM, Saval S (2001) Detection of catabolic genes in indigenous microbial consortia isolated from a diesel-contaminated soil. Biores Technol 78 47-54... 

Mixed culture Diesel-contaminated soil PVA-cryogel [33]... 

Cunningham CJ, Ivshina IB, Lozinsky VI, Kuyukina MS, Philp JC (2004) Bior ediation of diesel-contaminated soil by microorganisms immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol. Int Biodeter Biodegr 54 167-174... 

Direct incineration is mainly used for organically contaminated soil with sufficient concentration that no or little additional fuel is needed. Incineration of contaminated soil in a rotary kiln would result in virtually complete destruction of TCE and diesel fuel. The organic portion of lead dithiocarbonate... 

Burford et al. [3] reported a coupled supercritical extraction-gas chromatographic method that can quantitatively extract and determine both gasoline and diesel range hydrocarbons from contaminated soils. The direct transfer of the extract to a gas chromatograph reduced analysis times to about 80min, compared to the 18h required for conventional sonication analysis. 

Allen RL, Manning W, McKenzie KD, et al. 1992a. Development of a monoclonal antibody immunoassay for the detection of gasoline and diesel fuel in the environment. Assoc Am Railroads Contaminated Soils-Diesel Fuel Contamination Research Triangle Park NC. 

Chang D, Lopez I. 1992. Determination of Kerosene and 2 diesel in soil by purge and trap vs. extraction procedure. Journal of Soil Contamination 1(3) 239. 

Millner GC, Nye AC, James RC. 1992. Human health based soil cleanup guidelines for diesel fuel No. 2. In Kostecki PT, Calabrese EJ. Contaminated Soils-Diesel Fuel Contamination. Lewis Publishers. Ann Arbor, Ml. 

The soil cleanup system (SCS) is a rotary kiln modified asphalt recycling unit for treatment of gasoline- and diesel-fuel-contaminated soils. This technology has been used in at least two full-scale demonstrations however, its commercial availability is unknown because RIMS was unable to contact the vendor. The asphalt recycling unit was originally developed by Robert L. Mendenhall, a Las Vegas, Nevada, contractor who had successfully recycled asphalt for a number of years. 

In situ thermal extraction is a process for the removal of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) from contaminated soils and groundwater. The process primarily treats chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE), tetraehloroethylene (PCE), and dichlorobenzene hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel and mixtures of these compounds. 

Such redistribution of contaminated soil has been tried in a variety of contexts reviewed later in this chapter, but it is helpful to illustrate two potential results, as noted in the work of Wang et al. (1990) and Park et al. (1990). In the former Case, extensive removal of PAHs from soil contaminated with a diesel fuel was observed in lysimeter test systems following fertilizer addition, liming and tilling. Even HMW PAHs were substantially removed by this process, making this study noteworthy because of the high extent of degradation. These results represent the... 

Bioremediation has been successfully demonstrated for a variety of contaminant classifications. The majority of the studies have focused on petroleum compounds (BTEX, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) because of their widespread occurrence as a contaminant. The other major waste classifications where bioremediation has been successful are solvents (toluene, trichloroethylene, etc.), creosote, pulp and paper, pesticides, textiles, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Table 1 contains a partial list of the microbial genus successfully implemented for these contaminants. For aqueous petroleum contaminants, bacteria and yeasts are the most prevalent degraders. In contaminated soil systems, bacteria and fungi are the microorganisms responsible for degradation. ... 

Surfactant Flooding of Diesel-Fuel-Contaminated Soil... 

Use of surfactants may prove to be a good technique for separating diesel fuel fit>m a soil as indicated in results obtained in preliminary screening tests (removal efficiencies up to 97%) and from results of other studies performed on laboratory-packed soil columns (removal efficiencies up to 8.6%), assuming flow through the bulk matrix. Results presented here using undisturbed, diesel-fuel-contaminated soil cores taken from a site indicate, however, that removal of diesel fuel from the soil flooded with surfactant solution was generally less than 1%. Low removal efficiencies in these soil... 

The National Science Foundation is sponsoring a study led by Dr. Richard Bartha of Rutgers University on the multisubstrate biodegradation kinetics of PAHs from creosote, coal tar, and diesel fuel. The relative biodegradabilities and substrate interactions of PAHs in sole and multi-substrate systems will be determined and related to dissolution kinetics processes governing bioavailability. An integrated mathematical model of the behavior of PAHs in NAPL-contaminated soils will be developed and validated. 

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