Ionic content

Water-Based Muds. About 85% of all drilling fluids are water-based systems. The types depend on the composition of the water phase (pH, ionic content, etc), viscosity builders (clays or polymers), and rheological control agents (deflocculants or dispersants (qv)). 

The quahty of the water used in emulsion polymerization has long been known to affect the manufacture of ESBR. Water hardness and other ionic content can direcdy affect the chemical and mechanical stabiUty of the polymer emulsion (latex). Poor latex stabiUty results in the formation of coagulum in the polymerization stage as well as other parts of the latex handling system. 

The heat capacity and AH of pure water at 14.7 psia are commonly taken as 1 btu/lbm (°F) and 970 btu/lbm [230]. Ionic content in the pit fluid raises the energy necessary to evaporate the fluid. Figure 4-492 shows this relationship for brine water containing predominately NaCl. 

Two phases appear within the first 15 min due to the heavy ionic content of the aqueous layer. Di-tert-butyl iminodicarboxylate, which is produced as a result of the hydrolysis, is selectively soluble in the THF layer, while the amino carboxylate salt of the product remains in solution in the aqueous layer. 

Because of their high electronic conductivities, the rates of electrochemical processes in conducting polymers are generally controlled by ion transport. The ionic content of a film also has a strong influence on its... 

Generally, the recrystaUization of S-layer protein into coherent monolayer on phospholipid films was demonstrated to depend on (1) the phase state of the hpid film, (2) the nature of the lipid head group (size, polarity, and charge), and (3) the ionic content and pH of the subphase [122,138] (Table 6). 

The sterile peritoneal dialysis solutions are infused continuously into the abdominal cavity, bathing the peritoneum, and are then continuously withdrawn. The purpose of peritoneal dialysis is to remove toxic substances from the body or to aid and accelerate the excretion function normal to the kidneys. The process is employed to counteract some forms of drug or chemical toxicity as well as to treat acute renal insufficiency. Peritoneal dialysis solutions contain glucose and have an ionic content similar to normal extracellular fluid. Toxins and metabolites diffuse into the circulating dialysis... 

DC Harsh, SH Gehrke. Characterization of ionic water absorbent polymers Determination of ionic content and effective crosslink density. In L Brannon-Peppas, RS Harland, eds. Absorbent Polymer Technology. Amsterdam Elsevier, 1990, pp 103-124. 

The EC (pS cm-1) and the TDS (mg L ) both reflect the water ionic content, i.e. the dissolved load also called water salinity. The EC, easily obtained compared to chemical data, is thus widely documented in the CHEBRO database (n = 2,860 versus 999 complete major element analyses). These two parameters (EC and TDS) are linked by a linear relation TDS (mg L ) = b EC (pS cm-1), with a mean b factor 0.54 < b < 0.96 according to water types and range of salinity [21, 22], The linear relations between TDS and EC were calculated for each monitoring station, b factor ranging from 0.713 (Arga) and 0.86 (Aragon), whereas the Ebro River stations present less variability (0.774—0.798) with R2 always better than 0.72, all the relations are summarised in Table 1. These relations are very similar to that defined for the whole Ebro basin with b = 0.81 [23]. 

Degree of ionization an increase in the ionic content of a hydrogel increases the hydrophilicity and results in a higher degree of swelling. 

Si02, 13 SO4, 10 Cl, 3 NO3, 1 F-, 0.120 dissolved mineral salts, 310. The pH is 7.2. Show that these data are consistent with the origin of the Ca and Mg contents as carbonate and sulfate minerals. Do the total ionic contents tally If not, suggest reasons. 

There are several further advantages of McAuliffe s approach to the analysis of volatile organic components in water. Among these are the fact that water-soluble or nonextractable components may be analyzed by this method. Further, the quantity of the component transferred to the gas phase can be varied and, in this case, increased by conducting the equilibration at elevated temperature and by increasing the ionic content of the water. By these means compounds that may be highly water-soluble, such as acetone or alcohol, can be transferred in significant proportion to the gas phase for analysis. 

These observations were repeated many times with various NIPA gels having different ionic content. The qualitative behavior was the same for all the samples as that depicted in Fig. 12. The temperature width in which the tripasic-phasic equilibrium was observed, i.e. AT = T2 — T, depended on the degree of discontinuity at the transition. The larger was the discontinuity, so was AT. Let us express the degree of discontinuity by the ratio R of a at the discontinuity as... 

Polymer type, crosslink density and ionic content were varied to determine their influence on the swelling degree of the cellulose ether gels as a function of... 

Fig. 4. Swelling of HPMC-E/CMC gels, showing the effects of added ionic content. Ionic content increases the degree of swelling at all temperatures the transition temperature is increased slightly as ionic content increases but the sharpness of transition is little changed. Lines added are to guide the eye. Reprinted from the Journal of Controlled Release (1991) 17 175 by permission of publishers, Elsevier Science Publishers BV [52]...

Overall electrostatic interactions depend on the surface charge and protein charge, both of which are usually functions of pH and solution ionic content. It is a more decisive parameter for rigid protein because of the ion-incorporation and possible conformational changes of flexible proteins. 

Ion incorporation has two important aspects a) due to the transport of ions from solution to the adsorbed protein layer, contributions to enthalpy and entropy are usually negative b) in the case of charge redistribution in the electrical double layer, the ion contribution to the enthalpic forces depends on the protein-surface charge difference, pH, and solution ionic content. Its entropic contribution is positive. 

Ions in a food oscillate transversely under the influence of the microwave electric field, colliding with their neighboring atoms or molecules. These collisions impart molecular motion which is defined as heat. Materials with mobile ions are conductive. The more available ions in a food, the higher the electrical conductivity. Microwave absorption in a food thus increases with its ionic content. The portion of microwave absorption due to ionic conduction can be described as a portion of the dielectric loss factor, ec. Geyer (1990) recently discussed this concept in his publication. 

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