Diabetes Type 1 and

National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Inhaled insulin for the treatment of diabetes (types 1 and 2). NICE technology appraisal guidance 113 (2006). Available from www.nice.org.uk/TAl 13... 

Nielsen LR, Muller C, Damm P, Mathiesen ER. Reduced prevalence of preterm debvery in women with diabetes type 1 and microalbuminuria - possible effect of early antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy. Diabetic Medicine 2006 23 426 31. 

A number of studies report prevalence figures of erectile dysfunction of 50% or more in type 2 diabetic men above 50 years of age. Probably comparable figures may be true for women with diabetes. Diabetes, type 1 and 2, remains the most common cause of sexual dysfunction and it is generally acknowledged that these problems are two or three times as common as in the background population. 

The noncommunicable disease of diabetes mellitus has reached epidanic proportions, and it knows no geographic boundaries (Turner 2014). Diabetes, a chronic disorder characterized by elevations in both basal and postprandial (post-meal) glucose levels, is associated with a two- to fourfold increased risk of cardiovascular disease and a threefold increased risk of mortality (Meigs 2003). There are two major forms of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. The typical age of onset of type 1 diabetes is in childhood. This form is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes since patients do not produce enough insulin for healthy function multiple daily injections of insulin (i.e., exogenous insulin) are required to maintain life, and strict dietary rules, planned physical activity, and daily home glucose tests are also necessary. 

The first mouse monoclonal antibody specific for human CD3 was produced in 1979 and named orthoclone OKT3. Aside from its use in the laboratory, OKT3 became the first anti-CD3 antibody to be utilized in transplantation medicine, but its wider application was hampered by its immunogenic and mitogenic properties (reviewed in [6]). Consequently, humanized and engineered anti-CD3 antibodies were developed to circumvent these limitations (Table 1). Since T cells and the TCR are involved in many immunological diseases, it is not surprising that the application of CD3 antibodies is not restricted to the field of transplantation. For example, CD3 antibodies are tested in clinical studies of diseases such as autoimmune diabetes (type 1 diabetes), immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [7]. 

CF-related diabetes shares characteristics of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus but is categorized separately. The primary cause of CFRD is insulin deficiency resulting from both reduced functional pancreatic islet cells and increased islet amyloid deposition. Insulin secretion is delayed in response to glucose challenge, and absolute insulin secretion over time is reduced. Some insulin resistance may also be present in CFRD however, sensitivity may be increased in CF patients without diabetes.8... 

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common cause of CKD.2 The risk of developing nephropathy associated with DM is closely linked to hyperglycemia and is similar for both type 1 and type 2, although it is slightly higher in patients with type 2 DM.5 An estimated 3% of patients with DM will develop ESRD, which is 12 times greater than those without DM.6... 

It has been suggested that the easiest way to differentiate between type 1 and type 2 DM is by measuring C-peptide levels. Type 1 diabetics have C-peptide levels below 1 ng/mL (0.33 nmol/L), whereas those with type 2 disease will have values greater than 1 ng/mL (0.33 nmol/L). 

TABLE 40-9. Insulin Agents for the Treatment of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus... 

DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus Scientific review. IAMA 2003 289 2254-2264. 

Quattrin, T. 2004. Inhaled insulin recent advances in the therapy of type 1 and 2 diabetes. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 5(12), 2597-2604. 

Intensive therapy in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes reduces microvascular complications, including nephropathy. Intensive therapy can include insulin or oral drugs and involves blood sugar testing at least... 

Hannan, J. M. A., Ali, L., Khaleque, J., Akhter, M., Flatt, P. R., and Abdel Wahab, Y. H. A. (2006). Aqueous extracts of husks of Plantago ovata reduce hjrperglycaemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes by inhibition of intestinal glucose absorption. Br. J. Nutr. 96,131-137. 

Advancement in autoimmune and inflammatory disease treatment and diagnosis represents a critical worldwide need ranking in importance only behind management of cardiovascular disease and cancer to the medical practitioner. The list of related diseases is long major classes include rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, diabetes type 1, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. 

McKeage K, Goa KL. Insulin glargine a review of its therapeutic use as a long-acting agent for the management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2001 61 1599-624. 

Leese GR Wang JX, Broomhall J, Kelly P, Marsden A, Morrison W, Frier BM, Morris AD. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes a population-based study of health service resource use. Diabetes Care 2003 26(4) 1176-80. 

Patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are prone to complications. The specific chronic diabetic complications are due to microangiopathy and include neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. Recent data stress the vital role of hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in their pathophysiology. Premature atherosclerosis (which can be considered... 

Control of hyperglycemia tor type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, tor a more rapid response GI 124617 insulin precursor PID gl24617 Lys(B28)Pro(B29)-human insulin PDB ID ILPH... 

Individuals with type 2 diabetes may not require insulin to survive, but 30% or more will benefit from insulin therapy to control blood glucose. It is likely that 10-20% of individuals in whom type 2 diabetes was initially diagnosed actually have both type 1 and type 2 or a slowly progressing type 1 called latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), and they will ultimately require full insulin replacement. Although persons with type 2 diabetes ordinarily... 

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of syndromes characterized by an elevation of fasting blood glucose that is caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin. Diabetes is the leading cause of adult blindness and amputation and a major cause of renal failure, heart attack, and stroke. The disease can be classified into two groups, type 1 and type 2. 

Neuser D, Benson A, Bruckner A, Goldberg RB, Hoogwerf BJ, Petzinna D. Safety and tolerability of acarbose in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Drug Invest 2005 25 579-87. 

Pramlintide (rINN) is an amyloid analogue (1). It is administered subcutaneously, but it precipitates above pH 5.5 and therefore cannot be co-administered with insulin. It received FDA approval in 2005 for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It reduces postprandial glucose excursions, probably by reducing stomach emptying, not by stimulating the release of glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) (2). It can only be given by injection. 

When 30% insulin aspart plus 70% protamine aspart was compared with the same mixture of regular plus isophane insulins, both injected twice-daily for 12 weeks, in 294 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, control was better with the aspart mixture (16). There were fewer episodes of major hypoglycemia (20 versus 42) but the same number of minor episodes (362) with aspart. 

---