Glucose intestinal absorption

Diabetic patients have reduced antioxidant defences and suffer from an increased risk of free radical-mediated diseases such as coronary heart disease. EC has a pronounced insulin-like effect on erythrocyte membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase in type II diabetic patients (Rizvi and Zaid, 2001). Tea polyphenols were shown to possess anti-diabetic activity and to be effective both in the prevention and treatment of diabetes (Choi et al, 1998 Yang et al, 1999). The main mechanism by which tea polyphenols appear to lower serum glucose levels is via the inhibition of the activity of the starch digesting enzyme, amylase. Tea inhibits both salivary and intestinal amylase, so that starch is broken down more slowly and the rise in serum glucose is thus reduced. In addition, tea may affect the intestinal absorption of glucose. 

KREYDIYYEH s I, ABDEL-HASAN BAYDOUN E, CHURUKiAN z M (1994) Tea exfract inhibits intestinal absorption of glucose and sodium in rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 108 359-65. 

VAUGELADE P, HOEBLER C, BERNARD F, GUILLON F, LAHAYE M, DUEE P H, DARCY-VRILLON B (2000) Non-Starch polysaccharides extracted from seaweed can modulate intestinal absorption of glucose and insulin response in the pig. Reprod Nutr Dev. 40 33-47. 

The goal is to transition the patient to enteral or oral nutrition and taper off PN as soon as feasible clinically. When initiating enteral or oral nutrition, monitor the patient for glucose, fluid, and electrolyte abnormalities. Perform calorie counts to determine the adequacy of nutrition via the oral or enteral route. When the patient is tolerating more than 50% of total estimated daily calorie and protein requirements via the oral or enteral route, wean PN by about 50%. PN can be stopped once the patient is tolerating more than 75% of total estimated daily calorie and protein requirements via the oral or enteral route, assuming that intestinal absorption is maintained. 

Play, B. et al. (2003). Glucose and galactose regulate intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 310(2) 446 151. 

Sastry, K.V. and K. Sunita. 1982. Effect of cadmium and chromium on the intestinal absorption of glucose in the snakehead fish, Channa punctatus. Toxicol. Lett. 10 293-296. 

Metformin improves glucose tolerance in NIDDM subjects by lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose and improves insulin sensitivity (increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization). 

As recently as 1980 it was estimated that there were 100 million cases of acute diarrhea in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 3 in 1991 there were four million deaths among children under five years of age.b The causative agents are bacteria and one of the most dangerous is Vibrio cholerae, which multiplies in the small intestine and secretes an exotoxin. Cholera toxin causes such a rapid loss of fluid and salts from the body that death occurs very quickly, even in adults. There is little cellular damage and almost all deaths can be prevented by intravenous administration of water, salts, and the antibiotic tetracycline. Fluids can also be given orally if glucose, which promotes intestinal absorption, is included with the Na+, K+, Cl, and HC03 salts.b... 

Contrary to the above-mentioned inhibitors, FK-448 (4-(4-isopropylpiperadinocarbonyl) phenyl 1,2,3,4,-tetrahydro-l-naphthoate methanesulfonate) is a low toxic as well as a potent and specific inhibitor of chymotrypsin. The effectiveness of this substance as an intestinal absorption enhancer has already been demonstrated in rats as well as in dogs. Coadministra-tion of FK-448 led to an enhanced absorption of insulin, which was monitored by a decrease in blood glucose level. The inhibition of chymotrypsin was found to be mainly responsible for the enhanced bioavailability [3]. Camostat mesilate (A,A -dimethyl carbamoylmcthyl-/)-(//-guanidino-benzoyloxy)phenylacetate methanesulfonate) [5] and Na-glycocholate [5,27] are further representatives of this class, exhibiting low toxicity. 

Glycosylation has also been reported to improve intestinal absorption of peptide drugs which demonstrate poor membrane penetrability. For instance, glycosylation at the /V-terminus of tetrapeptide (Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg) increases its resistance to degradation by peptidases in addition, Na+-dependent glucose transporters were shown to play an important role in the intestinal absorption of both /)-(succinylamido)phenyl a- or p-D-ghicopyranosides (Nomoto et al. 1998). 

Nutritional Effects Due to the Presence of the Maillard Products. Many physiological or antinutritional effects have been attributed to the Maillard products. Specific effects have been attributed to the Amadori products deoxyfructosylphenylalanine (a model substance not likely to be present in large quantities in foods) appears to depress the rate of protein synthesis in chicks (32) and to partially inhibit in vitro and in vivo the absorption of tryptophan in rats (33). The compound e-deoxyfructosyllysine inhibits the intestinal absorption of threonine, proline, and glycine and induces cytomegaly of the tubular cells of the rat kidneys (34) as does lysinoalanine. In parenteral nutrition the infusion of the various Amadori compounds formed during sterilization of the amino acid mixture with glucose is associated with milk dehydration in infants and excessive excretion of zinc and other trace metals in both infants and adults (35,36,37). 

Various modifications are reported with respect to the experimental setup (single pass or recirculated intestinal perfusion) as well as the site of blood collection, e.g. mesenteric vessels for estimation of the intestinal absorption rate (DeGraw RT, Anderson BD 2004). vs. peripheral veins for estimation of systemic availability of the candidate compound. This method is widely used for investigation of intestinal absorption of nutrients by using radioactive tracers (e.g. cholesterol, glucose) and their interference with the candidate compound (Arts et al. 2004). In addition the secretion of the candidate compound into the intestine can be studied by peripheral administration of the compound into a peripheral vein and subsequent determination of the appearance of the candidate compound in the intestinal perfusate (Merino et al. 2003 Berggren et al. 2004). Also variations are reported using chronically isolated intestinal loops in rats (Poelma et al. 1992). 

An oral formula suitable for the correction of a variety of diarrheal fluid losses has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). It consists of 90 mM Na, 20 mA1 K, 00 mM Cl, 30 mM HCOj, and HO mM glucose. The glucose aids in intestinal absorption of sodium ions, because glucose transport is mediated by the Ma-glucosc cotransporter. Only low levels of sugar are used in oral replace-... 

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