Development of Explosives

Black powder contains a fuel and an oxidizer. The fuel is a powdered mixture of charcoal and sulfur. Potassium nitrate is the oxidizer. 

Black powder was successfully introduced for blasting in 1627. The use of black powder then spread fast for mining, road building, and recovering ore, in copper mines, and other important industrial applications [4]. 

The limitations of black powder as a blasting explosive were apparent for difficult mining and tunneling operations. More efficient explosives were required. Liquid nitroglycerine [C3H503(N02)s], 1, that was discovered by the Italian Professor Sobrero, was later studied and manufactured by the Swedish inventor, Immanuel Nobel in 1863. The major problem that the Nobel family faced was the transportation of liquid nitroglycerine that causes loss of life and property. The destruction of the Nobel factory in 1864 was one of many accidents caused by the explosion of nitroglycerine. 

The discovery of mercury fulminate [Hg(CNO)2] by Alfred Nobel in 1864 improved the initiation process. This chemical complex replaced the black powder in the initiation of nitroglycerine in boreholes. 

In 1866, a major explosion had completely destroyed the nitroglycerine factory. Alfred Nobel had discovered the safety hazard of nitroglycerine during transportation. He reduced the sensitivity of nitroglycerine by mixing it with adsorbent clay known as Kieselguhr. 

I Quarrying and nonmoal mining I Consltuclion work Odieruses 

Rgure 12.1 Sales for consumption of U.S. industrial explosives. (Source Institute of 

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J.H. Veltman, Development of Explosives-Nipolite-Type Explosives Development of a Caseless Bomb and an Extrudable Nipolit-Type Explosive , PATR 1855 (1951) 4) S.S. Stivela,... 

The first offensive weapons used by man were probably stones, and similarly the first objects thrown when mortars were developed were solid, usually spherical, balls of stone or iron. With the development of explosives it was soon realised that it would be more effective to use a hollow missile filled with explosive, designed to burst in the middle of the enemy. Gunpowder was originally used as filling, but has now been completely superseded by high explosives. 

Dining dissolution for analysis of 1 -9 g samples of gallium in cone, hydrochloric acid containing small portions of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, cooling may be necessary to prevent development of explosively violent reactions at higher temperatures. 

Part II Introduction to Explosive Train Part III MIL-STDS That Control Development of Explosive Components Pdrt IV Characteristics of Electric Detonators... 

Note Above expl props are listed in Ref 2 Refs 1) O.E. Sheffield E.J. Murray, Development of Explosives - Metallized Explosives - High Blast Fillers for Small Caliber Shell , PicArsn Memorandum Report No MR-49, (Dec 1953)... 

TATB is well-known for its insensitivity and is currently employed as an IHE for some applications. TATB is however, inferior to RDX and HMX in performance. Therefore, a need exists for the research and development of explosives that are powerful yet resistant to accidental and sympathetic initiation. 

Fronabarger, J.W., Sanborn, W.B., and Massis, T. (1996) Recent activities in the development of explosives-BNCP. Proc. 22nd Inti. Pyrotechnics Seminar, Fort Collins, Colorado, July 15-19, pp. 645-652. 

As in European countries the development of explosives in Japan has had a chequered history. By the end of the nineteenth centuiy dynamites and gelignites were used in mines. In 1899 a dreadful explosion occurred at Toyokuni resulting... 

Development of Explosion (or of Deflagration, or of Detonation). See Deflagrating Explosives and Deflagration in Vol 3, p D38-R of this Encyclopedia and under DETONATION in Volume 4... 

Jr, "Development of Explosive of High Brisance , PATR 1170(1942)(Cyclotol contg RDX 30 TNT... 

Figure 10. Charles Edward Munroe (1849-1938). Leader in the development of explosives in the United States. Invented indurite, a variety of smokeless powder, and discovered the Munroe effect. Professor of chemistry at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, 1874-1886 chemist at the Naval Torpedo Station and Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, 1886-1892 professor of chemistry at George Washington University, 1892-1917 and chief explosives chemist of the U. S. Bureau of Mines in Washington, 1919-1933. Author and co-author of many very valuable publications of the Bureau of Mines. 

The purpose of this book is to be a reference volume for scientists and engineers in universities, research institutes, and industry involved in research and development of explosives detection techniques, as well as a textbook for graduate students in the natural sciences and in engineering. 

The development of explosive cladding is very much more advanced the metal sheet to be cladded is exploded onto the base material, parallel to it or at a certain angle. In this way it is possible to effect cladding tasks which would be impossible to fulfil by manual welding, owing to the formation of brittle intermediate alloys between the plating material and the base material - as, for instance, in plating titanium onto a steel surface. 

In the history of the development of explosion protection techniques for electrical apparatus located in zone 2, the non-sparking concept (see Section 2.4)... 

After World War I, ammunition and explosives which had been returned from combat areas accumulated in United States storage depots which were inadequate for the safe storage of such large quantities. Many incidents, fires, and explosions occurred involving these stores. House Document 199, Ammunition Storage Conditions, became the foundation for much of the planned development of explosives safety standards as we know them today. 

The three ways that a dust explosion can be avoided are by using inertion, avoiding the development of explosive mixtures (dust cloud), and preventing the... 

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