Detoxication

Actually, the problem is clear. If all of you would stop taking amphetamines you would regain your fucking appetites Here s the recipes for when you get out of detox. 

Pyrethroids with Modified Chrysanthemate Esters. Newer pyrethroids incorporate optimized chrysanthemic acid components to retard detoxication by microsomal oxidases and these are esterified with a variety of optimized alcohol moieties therefore increasing persistence. 

The development of malathion in 1950 was an important milestone in the emergence of selective insecticides. Malathion is from one-half to one-twentieth as toxic to insects as parathion but is only about one two-hundredths as toxic to mammals. Its worldwide usage in quantities of thousands of metric tons in the home, garden, field, orchard, woodland, on animals, and in pubHc health programs has demonstrated substantial safety coupled with pest control effectiveness. The biochemical basis for the selectivity of malathion is its rapid detoxication in the mammalian Hver, but not in the insect, through the attack of carboxyesterase enzymes on the aUphatic ester moieties of the molecule. 

The elemental homeostasis is the particularity of total homeostasis of organism, the alteration of the parameters of this system may result in pathological changes. The liver is the organ where the detoxication processes take place. The elemental content of the liver may reflect the pathological processes which occur not only in the liver but also in the whole organism. 

Handbook of Emergency Response to Toxic Chemical Releases Figure 25. DETOX H-seri s submerged fixed-film bioiogicai reactor (Skiadany et al., 1987). 

R. T. Williams, Detoxication Mechanisms, Chapters 7 to 14. Chapman and Hall, London, 1959,... 

Chambers JE, Ma T, Boone JS, et al. 1994. Role of detoxication pathways in acute toxicity levels of phosphorothionate insecticides in the rat. Life Sci 54 1357-1364. 

Vilanova E, Sogorb MA. 1999. The role of phosphotriesterases in the detoxication of organophosphoms compounds. Crit Rev Toxicol 29( 1) 21-57. 

Knowles CO. 1974. Detoxication of acaricides by animals. In Khan MAQ, Bederka JP, eds. Survival in toxic environments. New York, NY Academic Press, Inc., 155-176. 

Many pesticides are not as novel as they may seem. Some, such as the pyre-throid and neonicotinoid insecticides, are modeled on natural insecticides. Synthetic pyrethroids are related to the natural pyrethrins (see Chapter 12), whereas the neo-nicotinoids share structural features with nicotine. In both cases, the synthetic compounds have the same mode of action as the natural products they resemble. Also, the synthetic pyrethroids are subject to similar mechanisms of metabolic detoxication as natural pyrethrins (Chapter 12). More widely, many detoxication mechanisms are relatively nonspecific, operating against a wide range of compounds that... 

The toxicity of chemicals to living organisms is determined by the operation of both toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic processes (Chapter 2). The evolution of defense mechanisms depends upon changes in toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics or both, which will reduce toxicity. Thus, at the toxicokinetic level, increased storage or metabolic detoxication will lead to reduced toxicity at the toxicodynamic level, changes in the site of action that reduce affinity with a toxin will lead to reduced toxicity. 

There is increasing evidence that microsomal monooxygenases with cytochrome P450 as their active center have a dominant role in the detoxication of the great... 

Sites of metabolism. When a chemical reaches one of these, it is metabolized. Usually this means detoxication, but sometimes (most importantly) the consequence is activation. The organism acts upon the chemical. 

Many of the phase 1 enzymes are located in hydrophobic membrane environments. In vertebrates, they are particularly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver, in keeping with their role in detoxication. Lipophilic xenobiotics are moved to the liver after absorption from the gut, notably in the hepatic portal system of mammals. Once absorbed into hepatocytes, they will diffuse, or be transported, to the hydrophobic endoplasmic reticulum. Within the endoplasmic reticulum, enzymes convert them to more polar metabolites, which tend to diffuse out of the membrane and into the cytosol. Either in the membrane, or more extensively in the cytosol, conjugases convert them into water-soluble conjugates that are ready for excretion. Phase 1 enzymes are located mainly in the endoplasmic reticulum, and phase 2 enzymes mainly in the cytosol. 

This series of examples is by no means exhaustive, and others will be encountered in the later text. Although it is true that the great majority of oxidations catalyzed by cytochrome P450 represent detoxication, in a small yet very important number... 

Fish show generally low HMO activities that are not strongly related to body weight. This may reflect a limited requirement of fish for metabolic detoxication they are able to efficiently excrete many compounds by diffusion across the gills. The weak relationship of HMO activity to body weight is probably because fish are poikilotherms and should not, therefore, have an energy requirement for the maintenance of body temperature that is a function of body size. In other words, the rate of intake of xenobiotics with food is unlikely to be strongly related to body size. 

The organophosphorons insecticides dimethoate and diazinon are mnch more toxic to insects (e.g., housefly) than they are to the rat or other mammals. A major factor responsible for this is rapid detoxication of the active oxon forms of these insecticides by A-esterases of mammals. Insects in general appear to have no A-esterase activity or, at best, low A-esterase activity (some earlier stndies confnsed A-esterase activity with B-esterase activity) (Walker 1994b). Diazinon also shows marked selectivity between birds and mammals, which has been explained on the gronnds of rapid detoxication by A-esterase in mammals, an activity that is absent from the blood of most species of birds (see Section 23.23). The related OP insecticides pirimiphos methyl and pirimiphos ethyl show similar selectivity between birds and mammals. Pyrethroid insecticides are highly selective between insects and mammals, and this has been attributed to faster metabolic detoxication by mammals and greater sensitivity of target (Na+ channel) in insects. 

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