Detergents direct

Alkylphenols are weak acids, but substitution on the alkylphenol with methylene or sulphur increases the acidity. The methylene-substituted phenates originate from a condensation product between the alkylphenol and formaldehyde. Phen-ate sulphides can be obtained by at least three sulphurization reagents (1) sulphur monochloride, (2) sulphur dichloride and (3) elemental sulphur. The percentage of sulphur contained in a phenate sulphide detergent directly dictates the chemistry of the detergent because of the variable ratio of sulphur atoms to alkylphenol substrate and the variety of ways the sulphur atoms can be attached to the alkylphenol. Phenol detergents are more difficult materials to describe based on analytical data. Nevertheless, the same chemical concepts applied to sulphonates also apply to phenates. Table 7.2 summarizes the compositional ranges typically observed in phenate lubricant additives. 

Other topics of legislation include limiting sulfonates. The European Union is developing a new detergent directive containing mles for the crossborder movement of detergents. 

In lipid-copolymer membraues, poratiou is iuduced by removing lipids with detergents. Direct removal of lipids is not possible because the entire architecture could be destabilized. Therefore, prior to phospholipid removal, the structure has to be cross-linked using a chemical initiator to increase its stability. For example, vesicular structures based on PEO-h-PB mixed with POPC lipids were first cross-linked and then permeabilized by adding detergents [96]. Extraction of lipids was facilitated by Triton X, in low concentrations (10 mM) that did not disturb the polymer remaining structure. 

It should not be overlooked that physical-chemical studies so far undertaken yield only indirect evidence that positively charged protein groups combine with detergents. Direct evidence that the basic groups are involved is still wanting but may perhaps be obtained by absorption spectrum studies of the complexes. 

Thus, adding surfactants to minimize the oil-water and solid-water interfacial tensions causes removal to become spontaneous. On the other hand, a mere decrease in the surface tension of the water-air interface, as evidenced, say, by foam formation, is not a direct indication that the surfactant will function well as a detergent. The decrease in yow or ysw implies, through the Gibb s equation (see Section III-5) adsorption of detergent. 

The hydration rate of sodium tripolyphosphate to its stable hexahydrate, Na P O Q 6H20, directly affects detergent processing and product properties. The proportion of STP-I (fast-hydrating form) and STP-II (slow-hydrating form) in commercial sodium tripolyphosphate is controUed by the time—temperature profile during calcination. In most processes, a final product temperature of near 450°C results in a product containing about 30%... 

Sulfonic Acid-Based Dyestuffs. Sulfonic acid-derived dyes are utilized industrially in the areas of textiles (qv), paper, cosmetics (qv), foods, detergents, soaps, leather, and inks, both as reactive and disperse dyes. Of the principal classes of dyes, sulfonic acid derivatives find utiUty in the areas of acid, azoic, direct, disperse, and fiber-reactive dyes. In 1994, 120,930 t of synthetic dyes were manufactured in the United States, of which 5,600 t were acidic (74). The three largest manufacturers of sulfonic acid-based dyes for use in the United States are BASF, Bayer, and Ciba-Geigy. 

The acetate is also usehil commercially and can be made by direct esterification of Nopol. The products are usehil in soaps, detergents, poHshes, and other household products. 

Saline Water for Municipal Distribution. Only a very small amount of potable water is actually taken by people or animals internally, and it is quite uneconomical to desalinate all municipally piped water, although all distributed water must be clear and free of harmful bacteria. Most of the water piped to cities and industry is used for Htfle more than to carry off small amounts of waste materials or waste heat. In many locations, seawater can be used for most of this service. If chlorination is requited, it can be accompHshed by direct electrolysis of the dissolved salt (21). Arrayed against the obvious advantage of economy, there are several disadvantages use of seawater requites different detergents sewage treatment plants must be modified the usual metal pipes, pumps, condensers, coolers, meters, and other equipment corrode more readily chlorination could cause environmental poUution and dual water systems must be built and maintained. 

Sorbitol is the most important higher polyol used in direct esterification of fatty acids. Esters of sorbitans and sorbitans modified with ethylene oxide are extensively used as surface-active agents. Interesteritication of fatty acid methyl esters with sucrose yields biodegradable detergents, and with starch yields thermoplastic polymers (36). 

Industrial uses make up most of the market for cyanamide. Calcium cyanamide is used directly for steel nitridation (34) and to some extent for desulfurization (36) (see Steel). Cyanamide is used to produce cationic starch (36) and calcium cyanide. Cyanamide is, of course, the raw material for dicyandiamide and melamine. New uses include intermediates for pesticides, detergents (37), medicines such as antihistamines, hypertension, sedatives, contraceptives, etc (38), the photography industry (39), as an additive for fuels and lubricants, as a paper preservative, and as a cement additive. 

Grayness of a fabric swatch is not directly proportional to its content of black pigment (or artificial sod). A basic formula relating reflectance to the pigment content or concentration can be appHed to the evaluation of detergency test swatches (51,99—101). In simple form, an adaptation of the Kubelka-Munk equation, it states that the quantity (1 — i ) /2R (where R is the fraction of light reflected from the sample) is a linear function of the sod content of the sample. 

Continuous fluid-bed granulators are used in the fertilizer and detergent industries. For fertilizer apphcations, near-size grannies are recycled to control the granule size distribution. Dust is not recycled directly, but first remelted or slurried in the liquid feed. 

Cg pH-sensitive film had a dynamic range from 6 to 8 and Cg-film responded at higher pH values (8-10).The membranes showed good reproducibility, reversibility and a short response time (<10 s). They also can be used for at least 3 months without any considerable absolution deviations. These sensors can be used for direct determination of pH in drinking water detergent and dishwasher liquid that have good agreement with pH meter data. 

EEC Directive on the classification, etc. of dangerous substances 73/404/EEC Directive relating to detergents 75/439/EEC Directive on the disposal of waste oils... 

---