Sensitivity of film

The nonreactive base structures of cyanine dyes (or carbocyanines) have been used for many years as components in photographic emulsions to increase the range and sensitivity of film and also in CD-R and DVD-R optical disks to record digital information. A major innovation came when Ernst et al. (1989) and Waggoner et al. (1993) recognized that cyanine dyes would make excellent labels for fluorescence detection, and for this reason, they synthesized reactive dye derivatives, which then could be covalently attached to proteins and other molecules. 

A complete set of measured intensities often includes distinct blocks of data obtained from several (or many) crystals and, if data are collected on film, from many films. Because of variability in the diffracting power of crystals, the intensity of the X-ray beam, and the sensitivity of films (if used), the crys-tallographer cannot assume that the absolute intensities are consistent from one block of data to the next. An obvious way to obtain this consistency is to compare reflections of the same index that were measured from more than one crystal or on more than one film and to rescale the intensities of the two blocks of data so that identical reflections are given identical intensities. This... 

Gorak, A., Sensitivity of Film Mass Transfer Models in Multicomponent Distillation Calculations, Inzynieria Chemiczna I Procesowa, 1, 93-109 (1988). 

The sensitivity of film viscoelastic properties to the ambient medium applies not only to the solvent but also to the electrolyte. This is illustrated for the case of poly[Os(bipy)2Cl(PVP)io] (where... 

Research of gas sensitivity of the deposited films was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the temperature dependences of film resistance in both pure air, Ro(T), and at a given concentration of the test gas, Rg(T), were measured. It was determined the temperature at which a maximum sensitivity of film to test gas observed. In the second stage, the effects of different concentrations of the gas at this temperature are measured. 

Further annealing at 550°C (1 h) permits to maximize the transparency of the films produced under low pressure in Ar-02 mixture in the chamber ( 1 Pa). This is due to the restoration of the structure of microregions, disordered during plasma treatment. It is assumed that the transformation of these areas during the oxidation into Sn02 crystaUites with a higher density than S113O4, increases the porosity of the films (Table 6), which is important for the gas sensitivity of films. 

The resolution of images of the Real Time X-Ray system depend on the material thickness and on the settings of the system. While setting up the Real Time X-Ray inspection of parts the resolution is compared with the resolution aehieved in film bases X-Ray as used over the last years. It is demonstrated that the sensitivity of Real Time X-Ray meets the specification of DIN 54109 Bildgtitteklasse II. 

The sensitivity of the luminescence IP s in the systems employed here decreases with increasing x-ray energy more strongly than in the case of x-ray film. Therefore, this phenomenon must be compensated by using thicker lead front and back screens. The specific contrast c,p [1,3] is an appropriate parameter for a comparison between IP s and film, since it may be measured independently of the spatial resolution. Since the absorption coefficient p remains roughly constant for constant tube voltage and the same material, it suffices to measure and compare the scatter ratio k. Fig. 2 shows k as a function of the front and back screen thickness for the IP s for 400 keV and different wall thicknesses. The corresponding measured scatter ratios for x-ray films with 0,1 mm front and back screens of lead are likewise shown. The equivalent value for the front and back screen thicknesses is found from the intersection of the curves for the IP s and the film value. 

The detection sensitivity of radiography is related among others to the properties and quality of industrial x-ray film systems. Changes of the products, variations due to different emulsions and combinations of products of different manufacturers can influence the decisive properties of film systems as classified in EN 584-1.To ensure the quality of industrial x-ray film systems a system for quality assurance open to all interested parties is proposed which is based on periodical round robin tests and quality controls of the manufacturer or an independent third party institution. 

Figure IV-10 illustrates how F may vary with film pressure in a very complicated way although the v-a plots are relatively unstructured. The results correlated more with variations in film elasticity than with its viscosity and were explained qualitatively in terms of successive film structures with varying degrees of hydrogen bonding to the water substrate and varying degrees of structural regularity. Note the sensitivity of k to frequency a detailed study of the dispersion of k should give information about the characteristic relaxation times of various film structures.

Surface heterogeneity may be inferred from emission studies such as those studies by de Schrijver and co-workers on P and on R adsorbed on clay minerals [197,198]. In the case of adsorbed pyrene and its derivatives, there is considerable evidence for surface mobility (on clays, metal oxides, sulfides), as from the work of Thomas [199], de Mayo and co-workers [200], Singer [201] and Stahlberg et al. [202]. There has also been evidence for ground-state bimolecular association of adsorbed pyrene [66,203]. The sensitivity of pyrene to the polarity of its environment allows its use as a probe of surface polarity [204,205]. Pyrene or ofter emitters may be used as probes to study the structure of an adsorbate film, as in the case of Triton X-100 on silica [206], sodium dodecyl sulfate at the alumina surface [207] and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride adsorbed onto silver electrodes from water and dimethylformamide [208]. In all cases progressive structural changes were concluded to occur with increasing surfactant adsorption. 

Based on estimates of resin sales for film and sheet. Includes estimate of captive use for photographic film and pressure-sensitive tape. Table 7. U.S. Manufacturers or Distributors of Film and Sheet ... 

The long-term stability of the nonaqueous coating films under elevated temperature and moderate humidity is reported to be better than aqueous coatings (30). Furthermore, color resolution and sensitivity of reacted nonaqueous coating films ate excellent. 

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