Design economic efficiency

The bubble cap has been studied extensively and several design recommendations have been presented over the years. The most complete and generally applicable is that of Bolles [5]. It should be stressed that proper mechanical interpretation of process requirements is essential in design for efficient and economic operation. There is not just one result, but a multiplicity of results, each unique to a particular set of conditions, and some more economical than others. Yet at the same time, many of the mechanical design and fabrication features can be identical for these various designs. 

CIM is the coordination of all stages of manufacturing, which enables the manufacturers to custom design products efficiently and economically, by a computer or a system of computers. 

For these reasons design is spoken of as having to be appropriate to the materials of its construction, its methods of manufacture, and the loads (stresses) involved in the product s environment. Where all these aspects can be closely interwoven, plastics are able to solve design problems efficiently in ways that are economically advantageous. 

These are some of the numerous inherent design features that can be incorporated into the design of a process system depending on its nature. Not only should a process design achieve economic efficiency but the inherent safety of the process should be optimized simultaneously as well. 

Due to many impressive advances in metal-catalyzed transformations, both asymmetric and non-asymmetric, several efforts have been directed towards designing total synthesis routes that very heavily depend on various catalytic methods. These total syntheses benefit from the economic efficiency and environmental consciousness that are two of the inherent attributes of catalytic reactions. The total synthesis of wodeshiol 133 by Corey, discussed above (Scheme 19) is one such example. Two additional catalysis-based enantioselective total syntheses are briefly discussed below. In both efforts, all centers of asymmetiy are attained by a catalytic enantioselective method, and the synthesis is completed through the use of several other catalytic reactions. 

Today, the power train costs of fuel-cell vehicles are still far from being competitive. They have the largest influence on the economic efficiency of hydrogen use in the transport sector and the greatest challenge is to drastically reduce fuel-cell costs from currently more than 2000/kW to less than 100/kW for passenger cars. On the other hand, fuel-cell drive systems offer totally new design opportunities for... 

In this section we describe a few, but essential economic efficiency criteria applicable when designing a tariff regime. 

A risk analysis is not an objective by itself, but is one of the elements of the design of a technically and economically efficient chemical process [1]. In fact, risk analysis reveals the process inherent weaknesses and provides means to correct them. Thus, risk analysis should not be considered as a police action, in the sense that, at the last minute, one wants to ensure that the process will work as intended. Risk analysis rather plays an important role during process design. Therefore, it is a key element in process development, especially in the definition of process control strategies to be implemented. A well-driven risk analysis not only leads to a safe process, but also to an economic process, since the process will be more reliable and give rise to less productivity loss. 

In order to resolve these deficiencies and to design high-efficiency and economical photocatalytic systems, the discovery and the development of new photocatalysts has become one of the most important topics in photocatalysis in the last years. 

A chemical or biochemical process system has been designed conventionally by considering only one objective function of economic efficiency (profit or cost). However, many of the objectives are often difficult or even impossible to express in a common monetary unit. It is, thus, natural that the concept of multiobjective optimization be introduced in synthesizing a chemical or biochemical process system. 

By a systems approach, a process is designed as a complex system of interconnected components so as to satisfy agreed-upon measures of performance, such as high economic efficiency of raw materials and energy, down to zero waste and emissions, together with flexibility and controllability faced with variable production rate. 

Based on the data obtained with the bench scale reactor, an industrial scale reactor which could produce 1000 kg of FAME in an hour was designed, and material balance and economical efficiency of the reactor were estimated (Ishikawa et al., 2005). In the designed process (Fig. 5.3), 154kg of heavy oil needs to be burned as heat source of the reactor, to produce 1000 kg of FAME. 

Table 5.5 contains the minimum requirements throughout all the examples. Chapter 9 will demonstrate that the design of an apparatus for lower temperature classes (T4, T5, T6) often adversely affects its economic efficiency. 

Whereas the pre-polymerization is carried out at temperatures of from 100 to 150 °C, the main polymerization is carried out at up to 180 °C. Its only aim is to increase the conversion and, thus, improve the economic efficiency of the processes. Target conversions are above 90 %. In order to be able to dissipate the heat of reaction from the solutions of exponentially increasing viscosity in a controlled manner, a number of reactors are generally connected in series. The designs vary considerably. For example, conical reactors with helical ribbon stirrers, horizontal tank reactors with paddle stirrers, reactor cascades and tower cascades have been proposed. 

The situation and specific features of the new EU members were not considered during the design of the EU ETS. As a result, doubts regarding legal fundamentals and economic efficiency of this system have emerged. From the new Member States perspective, the current... 

The economic competition that comes from the global economy will produce changes in the process industries and plant design. Improved energy efficiency will be important in chemical processing. Fuel price fluctuations pass directly to the product costs are so designed for efficient energy use. 

If an absorber is to be designed for efficient and economical service, the solvent chosen must have a special affinity for the one or more components of the gas mixture that are to be selectively removed. In other words, a degree of solubility is needed. Solubility data, which relate the solute, the solvent, the concentrations, and the temperature-pressure conditions, may be found in various compendia and journal articles. In the past, it was common to report solubility as a Bunsen solubility coefficient ... 

Since the conventional MgO process has not gained widespread acceptance, efforts are underway to make the process more energy efficient, less dependent on fuel oil and, most importantly, more competitive economically with a limestone scrubbing system. This paper is the result of TVA s initial investigation into an improved MgO process. The purpose is to describe the new MgO process, to detail some of the technical uncertainties requiring further development work, and to present preliminary conceptual design economics for this improved MgO FGD system. 

Conceptual Design designates the part from the design project that deals with the basic elements defining a process flowsheet, material and energy balances, specifications and equipment performance, utility consumption, safety and environmental issues, as well as economic efficiency. Therefore, in conceptual design the emphasis is on the behaviour of the process as a system rather than on the sizing of the equipment items. 

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