Reactor conical

Knaack et al. [77] developed an ingenious reactor design that incorporates a conical lamella settler within a conical reactor vessel. Unfortunately, this new design presents a serious scale-up limitation, since the maximum perfusion rate attainable decreases hyperbolically with the reactor working volume. For... 

Whereas the pre-polymerization is carried out at temperatures of from 100 to 150 °C, the main polymerization is carried out at up to 180 °C. Its only aim is to increase the conversion and, thus, improve the economic efficiency of the processes. Target conversions are above 90 %. In order to be able to dissipate the heat of reaction from the solutions of exponentially increasing viscosity in a controlled manner, a number of reactors are generally connected in series. The designs vary considerably. For example, conical reactors with helical ribbon stirrers, horizontal tank reactors with paddle stirrers, reactor cascades and tower cascades have been proposed. 

High-amplitude-High Energy Density Conical Reactor... 

One of the tested ultrasound reactors is a high-amplitude-high energy density conical reactor shown in Fig. 8.1.16 [21], The sound field is generated by a stepped... 

Figure 8.1.16 Sketch of the high-amplitude-high energy density conical reactor.

The simulation of the sound field reveals that only a very small area is effective concerning the existence and the action of transient bubbles. Figure 8.1.17 depicts the sound pressure in the conical reactor. The face of the stepped horn is located at the left side of the picture. The right side is the interface between liquid and gas. 

Pojman et al. observed zigzag modes in square reactors and bistability in conical reactors (57). 

The most commonly used material for packing adsorptive reactors included in FI manifolds is Cig-bonded silica beads and, to a lesser extent, alumina and silica. Preconcentration is by far the most common function of these reactors (especially of metal ions prior to their determination by atomic absorption or emission spectrometry). Enrichment factors of up to 50 are readily obtained with the aid of conical reactors, the direction of which in the manifolds is arranged in such a way that the adsorbed analytes are eluted from the wider to the narrower end of the column in order to minimize dispersion in the column. 

For reactors that are not cylindrical but conical, equations can still be established for the case with piecewise-constant characteristics. The diffusion equation is a mass balance that must now take into account the shape and the fact that the surface area of a transversal slice is proportional to for a conical reactor. Between x and x+ dx, the gas content is e dxc(x),... 

The three-dimensional nature of the helical pattern was studied by Manz et al. using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [102]. Pojman etal. observed zigzag modes in square reactors [103] and bistability in conical reactors [104]. 

The same authors, had investigated different reactor configurations for biodiesel production from triolein. These included shake flask or 500 mL jacketed conical reactors with two different configurations. Recycling and reuse of the lipase and IL was also examined, as well as the separation of products (b. Ruzich Bassi, 2010). 

Preparation. On a coml scale the nitration of naphthalene is carried out in two steps using a cylindrical jacketed reactor 1.6 x lm with a conical bottom. It is fitted with a discharge pipe 8cm in diameter and a stirrer which can be rotated at 85—90rpm. The jacket can be heated with steam or cooled with cold w. The cover is provided with an opening for the addn of naphthalene and a vent for the removal of gaseous prods... 

This patent then calls for two or more reflux cooled conical CSTR s with helical ribbon agitators operating in series in an "intermediate conversion zone" ranging from 65 to 85% conversion. The conversion in succeeding reactors in this zone should show a relative difference of 15-25%. As with the earlier patent,... 

METEX [Metal extraction] A process for extracting heavy metals from industrial waste waters by adsorption on activated sludge under anaerobic conditions. It is operated in an up-flow, cylindrical reactor with a conical separation zone at the top. Developed by Linde, originally for removing dissolved copper from winemaking wastes. First commercialized in 1987. 

Deoxygenation reactions are catalyzed by acids and the most studied are solid acids such as zeolites and days. Atutxa et al. [61] used a conical spouted bed reactor containing HZSM-5 and Lapas et al. [62] used ZSM-5 and USY zeolites in a circulating fluid bed to study catalytic pyrolysis (400-500 °C). They both observed excessive coke formation on the catalyst, and, compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis, a substantial increase in gaseous products (mainly C02 and CO) and water and a corresponding decrease in the organic liquid and char yield. The obtained liquid product was less corrosive and more stable than pyrolysis oil. 

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