Psychosis depressive

Affects mood and possibly causes neuronal or brain excitability, causing euphoria, anxiety, depression, psychosis, and an increase in motor activity in some individuals... 

D Disturbed Thought Processes related to adverse reactions (depression, psychosis, other changes in mental status)... 

Niacin Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide Coenzyme in oxidation and reduction reactions, functional part of NAD and NADP Pellagra—photosensitive dermatitis, depressive psychosis... 

In clinical psychiatric terms, the affective disorders can be subdivided into unipolar and bipolar disorders. Unipolar depression is also known as psychotic depression, endogenous depression, idiopathic depression and major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder is now recognised as being heterogeneous bipolar disorder I is equivalent to classical manic depressive psychosis, or manic depression, while bipolar disorder II is depression with hypomania (Dean, 2002). Unipolar mania is where periods of mania alternate with periods of more normal moods. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) refers to depression with its onset most commonly in winter, followed by a gradual remission in spring. Some milder forms of severe depression, often those with an identifiable cause, may be referred to as reactive or neurotic depression. Secondary depression is associated with other illnesses, such as neuro-degenerative or cardiovascular diseases, and is relatively common. 

Bipolar disorder A group of affective disorders characterised by alternating periods of pathologically elevated moods, followed by severely reduced moods. Previously known as manic depression, or manic depressive psychosis. 

The answer is d. (Katz ng, pp 464-4670 Adding carbidopa decreases the amount of dopamine that is formed peripherally from dopa by dopa decarboxylase Depression, psychosis, and other psychiatric adverse effects of L-dopa are mediated by CN5 dopamine, so adding carbidopa does not make them less likely The combination of L-dopa and carbidopa reduces the extracerebral metabolism of L-dopa, resulting in decreased peripheral adverse effects. 

Rowntree, Nevin and Wilson have also examined the effects of D.F.P. in schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis.4 D.F.P. dissolved in peanut oil was administered by intramuscular injection to seventeen cases of schizophrenia and nine cases of manic depressive psychosis. Their findings suggest that D.F.P. may be of therapeutic value in some manic patients if given in repeated small doses and gradually cut down after improvement has been obtained. 

Although chelation is not helpful for Alzheimer s disease patients, it is the key to treating patients with dementia due to Wilson s disease. Wilson s disease is a genetically inherited disorder that usually strikes before age 30. The disease causes toxic levels of copper to accumulate in the liver, brain, eyes, and kidney. Untreated, Wilson s disease leads to tremors, cirrhosis, depression, psychosis, dementia, and ultimately death. Chelation with penicillamine (Cuprimine) can stop and even reverse the accumulation of copper. 

We ve already described in considerable detail the many complications of dementia including depression, psychosis, delirium, and agitation. In general, the evolution of treatments for these symptoms has been straightforward. 

Antipsychotics or neuroleptics are used for intervention in patients with severe and chronic psychosis of an organic as well as induced nature. These drags are used for controlling manic phases in manic-depressive psychosis such as relieving anxiety, fear, excitement associated with somatic diseases, controlling aggression, tics, and other unequal conditions. 

It is also possible that tricyclic antidepressants block presynaptic 2 adrenoreceptors, thus increasing the quantity of releasable norepinephrine and/or serotonin. Tricyclic antidepressants are used for relieving symptoms of depression (especially of the endogenous type), for controlling anxiety associated with depressive conditions, for treating depression in patients with maniac-depressive psychosis, and so on. 

Neurotoxicity, as evidenced by confusion, agitation, CNS depression, psychosis, coma, and seizures, occurs rarely. 

Insomnia, decreased appetite, weight loss Depression, psychosis (rare, with very high doses)... 

Thomsen, P.H., Moller, L.L., Dehlholm, B., and Brask B.H. (1992) Manic-depressive psychosis in children younger than 15 years a register-based investigation of 39 cases in Denmark. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85 401 06. 

Hucker, S.J. (1975) Pubertal manic depressive psychosis and mental subnormality—a case report. Br J Ment Subnormality 21 34-37. 

Linter, C.M. (1987) Short-cycle manic-depressive psychosis in a mentally handicapped child without family history. Br J Psychiatry 151 554-555. 

Nasrallah HA, Varney N, Coffman JA, et al Opiate antagonism fails to reverse post-ECT cognitive deficits. J Clin Psychiatry 47 555-556, 1986 Nasrallah HA, Coffman JA, Olson SC Structural brain-imaging findings in affective disorders an overview. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1 21-26, 1989 Naylor GJ, Smith AHW Defective genetic control of sodium-pump density in manic depressive psychosis. Psychol Med 11 257-263, 1981 Naylor GJ, McNamee HB, Moody JP Erythrocyte sodium and potassium in depressive illness. J Psychosom Res 14 173-177, 1970 Naylor GJ, McNamee HB, Moody JP Changes in erythrocyte sodium and potassium on recovery from depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 118 219-223, 1971 Naylor GJ, Dick DAT, Dick EG, et al Lithium therapy and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier. Psychopharmacologia 37 81-86, 1974 Naylor GJ, Smith AHW, Dick EG, et al Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier in manic-depressive psychosis. Psychol Med 10 521-525, 1980... 

Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, anorexia, gastric bleeding, diarrhoea, dizziness, frontal headache, confusion, depression, psychosis, hallucination, leukopenia, epigastric distress and rarely aplastic anaemia. 

In the treatment of manic depressive psychosis (treatment of mania). 

It is indicated in neurotic, reactive, masked endogenous, recurrent depression depression with insomnia, depression, enuresis, panic disorder, neurogenic pain, urticaria and nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy maniac depressive psychosis in depressive phase. 

Baastrup PC. The use of lithium in manic-depressive psychosis. Compr Psychiatry 1964 5 396-408. 

Baastrup PC. Lithium-behandling of mani-depressiv psykose en psykoseforebyggende behandlingsmade (Lithium treatment of manic-depressive psychosis a procedure for preventing psychotic relapses). Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tiddskrift 1966 20 441-450. 

Takezaki H, Hanaoka M. The use of carbamazepine (Tegretol) in the control of manic-depressive psychosis and other manic, depressive states [Japanese]. Sheishin-lgaku 1971 13 173-183. Okuma T, Kishimoto A, Inoue K, et al. Anti-manic and prophylactic effects of carbamazepine on manic-depressive psychosis. Folia Psychiatr NeurolJpn 1973 27 283-297. 

McKay AP, Tarbuck AF, Shapleske J, et al. Neuropsychological function in manic-depressive psychosis evidence for persistent deficits in patients with chronic, severe illness. Br J Psychiatry 1995 167 51-57. 

The revival of interest in acetylcholine s role in schizophrenic pathogenesis is symmetrical to a new interest in dopamine s role in dream psychosis. Could it be that in both psychoses the coactivation of dopamine and acetylcholine systems is necessary but only sufficient if either the other aminergic systems are in abeyance (dream and depression psychosis) or the dopamine system overpowers the cholinergic system (manic and schizophrenic psychosis) ... 

Depressive psychosis is characterized by retardation, apathy, and anxious self-punishment and blame. Retardation and apathy are manifested by slowed speech indifference to one s future fixed facial expression slowed movements deficiencies... 

Although the usefulness of the atypical antipsychotics is best documented for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, numerous studies are documenting the utility of these agents for the treatment of positive symptoms associated with several other disorders (discussed in Chapter 10 see Fig. 10—2). Atypical antipsychotics have become first-line acute and maintenance treatments for positive symptoms of psychosis, not only in schizophrenia but also in the acute manic and mixed manic-depressed phases of bipolar disorder in depressive psychosis and schizoaffective disorder in psychosis associated with behavioral disturbances in cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease, and other organic psychoses and in psychotic disorders in children and adolescents (Fig. 11—52, first-line treatments). In fact, current treatment standards have evolved in many countries so that atypical antipsychotics have largely replaced conventional antipsychotics for the treatment of positive psychotic symptoms except in a few specific clinical situations. 

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