Erythrocytes sodium

Hokin-Neaverson M, Jefferson JW Deficient erythrocyte Na,K-ATPase activity in different affective states in bipolar affective states in bipolar affective disorder and normalization by lithium therapy. Neuropsychobiology 22 18-25, 1989a Hokin-Neaverson M, Jefferson JW Erythrocyte sodium pump activity in bipolar affective disorder and other psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychobiology 22 1-7, 1989b... 

Nasrallah HA, Varney N, Coffman JA, et al Opiate antagonism fails to reverse post-ECT cognitive deficits. J Clin Psychiatry 47 555-556, 1986 Nasrallah HA, Coffman JA, Olson SC Structural brain-imaging findings in affective disorders an overview. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1 21-26, 1989 Naylor GJ, Smith AHW Defective genetic control of sodium-pump density in manic depressive psychosis. Psychol Med 11 257-263, 1981 Naylor GJ, McNamee HB, Moody JP Erythrocyte sodium and potassium in depressive illness. J Psychosom Res 14 173-177, 1970 Naylor GJ, McNamee HB, Moody JP Changes in erythrocyte sodium and potassium on recovery from depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry 118 219-223, 1971 Naylor GJ, Dick DAT, Dick EG, et al Lithium therapy and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier. Psychopharmacologia 37 81-86, 1974 Naylor GJ, Smith AHW, Dick EG, et al Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier in manic-depressive psychosis. Psychol Med 10 521-525, 1980... 

Analysis of Pb is routinely performed by either ICP-Qj, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. EDTA anticoagulated blood is the specimen of choice for Pb analysis, because Pb is concentrated in the erythrocytes. Sodium heparin may also be used however, samples that are not analyzed within 48 hours are frequently clotted and must be rejected. Care must be taken when obtaining capillary blood. Surface contamination, insufficient collection volume, and inadequate mixing with EDTA result in frequent sample rejection. Urinalysis can also be performed urine quantification correlates with exposure. 

Cole, C.H. and O Regan, S. (1981). Effects of treatment with prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in the erythrocyte sodium transport abnormality in Bartter s syndrome. Pediatr. Res., 15, 926-29... 

Sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite and sodium chlorate were used in a number of in vitro tests to identify their effects on erythrocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Sodium chlorite (20.04 mmol/l) increased the levels of methaemoglobin in the erythrocytes. Sodium chlorite solution (0.2 mmol/l) caused fibroblast cells to become misshapen and swollen, and 1 mmol sodium chlorite/l resulted in endothelial cell death (Habermann Muller, 1989). 

The ATPase has been associated with electrolyte flow. It is believed to catalyze the outward movement of sodium and the inward movement of potassium. Studies with erythrocyte ghost suggest that the enzyme activity directs the electrolyte flow. In erythrocytes, sodium is extracted and potassium enters the cell. Digitalis inhibits the enzyme only at the outside, and sodium stimulates it only at the inside. 

Maier WE, Costa LG. 1990. Sodium, potassium-ATPase in rat brain and erythrocytes as a possible target and marker, respectively, for neurotoxicity studies with chlordecone, organotins and mercury compounds. Toxicol Lett 51 175-188. 

In erythrocytes and most other cells, the major structural link of plasma membranes to the cytoskeleton is mediated by interactions between ankyrin and various integral membrane proteins, including Cf/HCOj antiporters, sodium ion pumps and voltage-dependent sodium ion channels. Ankyrin also binds to the =100 nm, rod-shaped, antiparallel a(3 heterodimers of spectrin and thus secures the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Spectrin dimers self-associate to form tetramers and further to form a polygonal network parallel to the plasma membrane (Fig. 2-9D). Neurons contain both spectrin I, also termed erythroid spectrin, and spectrin II, also termed fodrin. Spectrin II is found throughout neurons, including axons, and binds to microtubules, whereas spectrin I occurs only in the soma and dendrites. 

Virkki, L. and M. Nikinmaa. 1993. Tributyltin inhibition of adrenergically activated sodium/proton exchange in erythrocytes os rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat. Toxicol. 25 139-146. 

Schwartz, H. S., Landau, B., and Soffer, L. J., Influence of sodium thiosulfate on reducing capacity of human erythrocytes in vivo. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 103, 375-378 (1960). 

A feasible way of introducing acid-stable linkages into carbohydrates is N-deacetylation. This can be achieved with hydrazine.59,70,71 The use of sodium hydroxide-sodium benzenethioxide in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide for this purpose has also been described72 The difference in the acid hydrolysis of N-acetylhexosamine-con-taining carbohydrates before and after N-deacetylation was used in the study of complex glycoprotein saccharides from human erythrocyte membranes.73-75 Methylation analysis of the glycopeptides prepared... 

Addition of sodium cyanide (5 mmol) and tributyltin (10 pmol) to human erythrocyte suspensions resulted in a synergistic increase in tributyltin-induced hemolysis (Gray et al. 1986). Mechanisms are not clear, but may involve elevated pH of high sodium cyanide concentrations. 

Erythrocyte suspension Sample purged absorption of hydrogen cyanide in sodium hydroxide conversion of thiocyanate to cyanide by potassium permanganate oxidation Spectrophotometry (thiocyanate- cyanide determination) No data 93-97 McMillan and Svoboda 1982... 

Cannon EP, Leung P, Hawkins A, et al. 1994. Antagonism of cyanide intoxication with murine carrier erythrocytes containing bovine rhodanese and sodium thiosulfate. J Toxicol Environ Health 41(3) 267-274. 

It has been reported4 that cholinesterase inhibitors (such as di-isopropyl phosphorofluoridate) increase the permeability of squid giant axons towards sodium and potassium. There is also an indication that the erythrocyte requires, among other factors, an adequate acetylcholine-cholinesterase system to prevent a gain of sodium or a loss of potassium.5 The conclusion that permeability is dependent on cholinesterase activity, however, seems to be contested by Strickland and Thompson.6... 

Most of the early work on membranes was based on experiments with erythrocytes. These cells were first described by Swammerdam in 1658 with a more detailed account being given by van Leeuwenhoek (1673). The existence of a cell (plasma) membrane with properties distinct from those of protoplasm followed from the work of Hamburger (1898) who showed that when placed in an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, erythrocytes behaved as osmometers with a semipermeable membrane. Hemolysis became a convenient indication of the penetration of solutes and water into the cell. From 1900 until the early 1960s studies on cell membranes fell into two main categories increasingly sophisticated kinetic analyses of solute translocation, and rather less satisfactory examinations of membrane composition and organization. 

Oral administration of orotic acid to guinea-pigs can stimulate the phagocytic activity of leukocytes against injected chicken erythrocytes [185]. The sodium salt of orotic acid can also increase phagocytosis and the digestive ability of the leukocytes in the rats [186]. 

Adults - Adverse reactions experienced by at least 5% of patients receiving sodium ferric gluconate complex include the following abdominal pain, abnormal erythrocytes, asthenia, chest pain, cramps, diarrhea, dizziness, dyspnea, fatigue, fever, generalized edema, headache, hyperkalemia, hypertension, hypotension, injection-site reaction, leg cramps, nausea, pain, paresthesias, pruritus, syncope, tachycardia, upper respiratory tract infection, vomiting. 

Abdel-Rahman and coworkers (Abdel-Rahman et al. 1984b Couri and Abdel-Rahman 1980) also exposed male rats to sodium chlorite in the drinking water, 20 hours/day for up to 1 year, at concentrations that resulted in estimated doses of 1 or 10 mg/kg/day. Both dose levels resulted in increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (after 7, but not 9 months) and decreased osmotic fragility after 7-9 months). Erythrocyte glutathione levels were significantly decreased at dose levels 0.1 mg/kg/day by the end of the... 

Heffeman WP, Guion C, Bull RJ. 1979a. Oxidative damage to the erythrocyte induced by sodium chlorite, in vitro. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 2(6) 1501-1510. 

Moore GS, Calabrese EJ. 1980b. The effects of chlorine dioxide and sodium chlorite on erythrocytes of A/J and C57L/J mice. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 4(2-3) 513-524. 

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