Deoxycholic acid, conjugates

Chae, S. Y, Son, S.,Lee, M., Jang, M. K., and Nab, J. W. 2005. Deoxycholic acid-conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide nanoparticles for efheient gene carrier. Journal of Controlled Release 109 330-344. 

Park K, et al. Preparation and characterization of self-assembled nanoparticles of heparin-deoxycholic acid conjugates. Langmuir. 2004 20 11726-31. 

Yan JK, Ma HL, Chen X, Pei JJ, Wang ZB, Wu JY. Self-aggregated nanoparticles of carboxylic curdlan-deoxycholic acid conjugates as a carrier of doxombicin. Int J Biol MacromoL 2015 72 333 0. 

Chae SY, Son S, Lee M, Jang MK, Nah JW. Deoxycholic acid-conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide nanoparticles for efficient gene carrier. J Control Release. 2005 109(l-3) 330-44. 

Y. Hu, X. He, L. Lei, S. Liang, G. Qiu, X. Hu, Preparation and characterization of self-assembled nanoparticles of the novel carboxymethyl pachyman-deoxycholic acid conjugates, Carbohydr. Pol, 74, 220-227, 2008. 

Kim, K., Kwon, S., Park, J.H., Chung, H., Jeong, S.Y., Kwon, I.C., 2005. Physicochemical characterizations of self-assembled nanoparticles of glycol chitosan-deoxycholic acid conjugates. Am. Chem. Soc. 6, 1154—1158. 

Lee et al. reported a novel and simple method for delivery of adriamycin using self-aggregates of deoxycholic acid modified chitosan. Deoxycholic acid was covalently conjugated to chitosan via a carbodiimide-mediated reaction generating self-aggregated chitosan nanoparticles. Adriamycin was... 

Dietary factors may also be important in gallstone pathogenesis - such as intake of total calories, cholesterol, refined carbohydrates and dietary fibre. As discussed below, the amount of bran, and of other fibre components, in the diet may influence the formation of deoxycholic acid (DCA) in the intestine, its subsequent absorption and its enrichment of bile with DCA conjugates. 

Glycine conjugation Glycine Acyl-CoA glycinetransferase (mitochondria) Acyl-CoA derivatives of carboxylic acids Salicylic acid, benzoic acid, nicotinic acid, cinnamic acid, cholic acid, deoxycholic acid... 

The C>4 bile acids arise from cholesterol in the liver after saturation of the steroid nucleus and reduction in length of the side chain to a 5-carbon add they may differ in the number of hydroxyl groups on the sterol nucleus. The four acids isolated from human bile include cholic acid (3,7,12-tiihydroxy), as shown in Fig. 1 deoxycholic acid (2,12-dihydroxy) chenodeoxycholic acid (3,7-dihydroxy) and lithocholic acid (3-hydroxy). The bile acids are not excreted into the bile as such, but are conjugated through the C24 carboxylic add with glycine or... 

The secondary bile acids become partially (30-50%) absorbed in the intestine and, following reconjugation with glycine or taurine in the liver, are excreted into the canaliculi. The bile thus contains a mixture of primary and secondary bile acids. Deoxycholic acid as a secondary bile acid is likewise an end-product it enters the enterohepatic circulation without further modification. Conjugation of the secondary bile acids in the liver yields the following four conjugated bile acids ... 

Bile contains conjugates of cholic acid and cheno-deoxycholic acid, which emulsify dietary fat, facilitate lipolysis, and transport lipid molecules through the unstirred layer of the intestinal mucosa by micellar solubilization. The ability of bile salts to promote lipid... 

More frequently encountered are acquired defects in bUe acid synthesis, which have been noted in Liver diseases such as hepatitis and cirrhosis. In acute hepatitis, alterations of bile acid synthesis and conjugation occur because of hepatic parenchymal cell disease. In cirrhosis, there is a marked reduction in cholic acid synthesis with a low concentration of biliary deoxycholic acid. These abnormalities are due both to decreased synthesis and to portosystemic shunting. The... 

Synthesis of the bile acid (75) conjugated to either the 3 -end of an ODN or via a linker to the of dU are described. When used in vivo in rats, there was an increase in uptake to the liver, and this may be a method of targeting applications, such as antisense, to hepatic cells. The steroid 7-deoxycholic acid has also been incorporated into DNA via the of dU. When used in TFOs, there was an increase in the triplex stability compared to unmodified controls. 

As a consequence of the 7a-dehydroxylation process, the bile acid composition of bile in healthy subjects usually comprises around 30 to 40% conjugated cholic acid, 30 to 40% conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid, 10 to 30% conjugated deoxycholic acid, and less than 5% conjugated lithocholic acid, of which the majority is sulfated (H18). 

Gil. Goswami, S. K., and Frey, C. F., Hiin-layer chromatographic method for the separation of conjugated deoxycholic acid from conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid. J. Chromatogr. 145, 147-150 (1978). 

Maentausta, O., and Janne, O., Radioimmunoassay of conjugated cholic acid, che-nodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholic acid from human serum, with use of I-labelled ligands. Clin. Cheat. (Winston-Salem, N.C.) 25, 264-268 (1979). 

Matem, S., Krieger, R., Hans, C., and Gerok, W., Radioimmunoassay of serum conjugated deoxycholic acid. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 12, 641-647 (1977). 

---