Density determinations

Density is not only just one of the most important physical parameters of crude oil and its products, but it is also an important characteristic for measuring the quality for crude oil and its products. The density of a sample shows its mass in specific volume. The classical definition of density is presented in equation (2.39). 

The density that is calculated in equation 2.39 is known as absolute density. However, this density is rarely used by crude oil chemists and only in special cases. Relative density is the parameter that is usually used for the characterization of crude oil and its products. Usually, relative density is measured at a reference temperature of 20°C. Relative density is calculated by equation (2.40). 

Relative density can be calculated by equation (2.40) by using the water density at 20°C. The absolute density can be compared with water density at 4°C. Then, relative density should be calculated by equation (2.41). 

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It is obvious that relative density that is calculated with equation (2.41) is equal to the absolute density that is calculated at 20°C. 

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You can also plot ihe electrostatic polenlial. the total charge density. or the total spin density determined during a semi-enipincal or ah initio calculation. This information is useful in determining reactivity and correlating calculalional results with experimental data. Th ese examples illustrate uses of lb ese plots ... 

The density determination may be carried out at the temperature of the laboratory. The liquid should stand for at least one hour and a thermometer placed either in the liquid (if practicable) or in its immediate vicinity. It is usually better to conduct the measurement at a temperature of 20° or 25° throughout this volume a standard temperature of 20° will be adopted. To determine the density of a liquid at 20°, a clean, corked test-tube containing about 5 ml. of toe liquid is immersed for about three-quarters of its length in a water thermostat at 20° for about 2 hours. An empty test-tube and a shallow beaker (e.g., a Baco beaker) are also supported in the thermostat so that only the rims protrude above the surface of the water the pycnometer is supported by its capillary arms on the rim of the test-tube, and the small crucible is placed in the beaker, which is covered with a clock glass. When the liquid has acquired the temperature of the thermostat, the small crucible is removed, charged with the liquid, the pycnometer rapidly filled and adjusted to the mark. With practice, the whole operation can be completed in about half a minute. The error introduced if the temperature of the laboratory differs by as much as 10° from that of the thermostat does not exceed 1 mg. if the temperature of the laboratory is adjusted so that it does not differ by more than 1-2° from 20°, the error is negligible. The weight of the empty pycnometer and also filled with distilled (preferably conductivity) water at 20° should also be determined. The density of the liquid can then be computed. 

The physical properties of polyurethanes are derived from their molecular stmcture and deterrnined by the choice of building blocks as weU as the supramolecular stmctures caused by atomic interaction between chains. The abiHty to crystalline, the flexibiHty of the chains, and spacing of polar groups are of considerable importance, especially in linear thermoplastic materials. In rigid cross-linked systems, eg, polyurethane foams, other factors such as density determine the final properties. 

Notwithstanding the possibility of such automation, many successful operations depend almost entirely on manual sampling. Density determinations of the pulp on the media-return line and on each of the drainage screens are made at scheduled intervals, and the operator adjusts the media flow as needed. 

Protection current density and coating resistance are important for the current distribution and for the range of the electrochemical protection. The coating resistance determines, as does the polarization resistance, the polarization parameter (see Sections 2.2.5 and 24.5). For pipelines the protection current density determines the length of the protection range (see Section 24.4.3). 

The absolute, barometric pressure is not normally required in ventilation measurements. The air density determination is based on barometric pressure, but other applications are sufficiently rare. On the other hand, the measurement of pressure difference is a frequent requirement, as so many other quantities are based on pressure difference. In mass flow or volume flow measurement using orifice, nozzle, and venturi, the measured quantity is the pressure difference. Also, velocity measurement with the Pitot-static tube is basically a pressure difference measurement. Other applications for pressure difference measurement are the determination of the performance of fans and air and gas supply and e. -haust devices, the measurement of ductwork tightness or building envelope leakage rate, as well as different types of ventilation control applications. 

Water has the highest surface tension (75 dyne/cm) of ail common liquids (except mercury). Together, surface tension and density determine how high a liquid rises in a capillary system. Capillary movement of water plays a prominent role in the life of plants. Lastly, consider osmosis, the bulk movement of water in the direction from a dilute aqueous solution to a more concentrated one across a semipermeable boundary. Such bulk movements determine the shape and form of living things. 

Densities determined by pycnometric methods may be compared with those determined by X-ray diffraction. The pycnometric density is dependent on the presence of vacancies or interstitials, being lower or higher, respectively [46]. 

To determine the crosslinking density from the equilibrium elastic modulus, Eq. (3.5) or some of its modifications are used. For example, this analysis has been performed for the PA Am-based hydrogels, both neutral [18] and polyelectrolyte [19,22,42,120,121]. For gels obtained by free-radical copolymerization, the network densities determined experimentally have been correlated with values calculated from the initial concentration of crosslinker. Figure 1 shows that the experimental molecular weight between crosslinks considerably exceeds the expected value in a wide range of monomer and crosslinker concentrations. These results as well as other data [19, 22, 42] point to various imperfections of the PAAm network structure. 

Apparent Density Determined using a Scott Volumeter, with the following max min requirements for each granulation ... 

Gel Permeation Chromatography. The instrument used for GPC analysis was a Waters Associates Model ALC - 201 gel permeation chromatograph equipped with a R401 differential refractometer. For population density determination, polystyrene powder was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), 75 mg of polystyrene to SO ml THF. Three y -styragel columns of 10, 10, 10 A were used. Effluent flow rate was set at 2.2 ml/min. Total cumulative molar concentration and population density distribution of polymeric species were obtained from the observed chromatogram using the computer program developed by Timm and Rachow (16). 

For gas-phase reactions, the molar density is more useful than the mass density. Determining the equation of state for a nonideal gas mixture can be a difficult problem in thermod5mamics. For illustrative purposes and for a great many industrial problems, the ideal gas law is sufficient. Here it is given in a form suitable for flow reactors ... 

CAGB Aboveground biomass. AGB and densities determined 49 days after test initiation. 

The purpose of this compilation is to tabulate the densities of compounds, hence only minimal description of experimental methods used to measure the density of liquids or solids appears. Detailed descriptions of methods for density determination of solids, liquids and gases, along with appropriate density reference standards, appear in a chapter by Davis and Koch in Physical Methods of Chemistry, Volume VI, Determination of Thermodynamic Properties [86-ros/bae],... 

Xiang, T.-X. Anderson, B. D., Phospholipid surface density determines the partitioning and permeability of acetic acid in DMPC cholesterol bilayers, J. Membrane Biol. 148, 157-167 (1995). 

In particular, the electron density distribution and the dynamic properties of this density determine both the local and global reactivities of molecules. High resolution experimental electron densities are increasingly becoming available for more and more molecules, including macromolecules such as proteins. Furthermore, many of the early difficulties with the determination of electron densities in the vicinity of light nuclei have been overcome. 

Spin densities determine many properties of radical species, and have an important effect on the chemical reactivity within the family of the most reactive substances containing free radicals. Momentum densities represent an alternative description of a microscopic many-particle system with emphasis placed on aspects different from those in the more conventional position space particle density model. In particular, momentum densities provide a description of molecules that, in some sense, turns the usual position space electron density model inside out , by reversing the relative emphasis of the peripheral and core regions of atomic neighborhoods. 

Since it is a quantitative property, it is often more useful for identification than a qualitative property like color or smell. Moreover, density determines whether an object will float in a given liquid. If the object is less dense than the liquid, it will float if it is more dense, it will sink. It is also useful to discuss density here for practice with the factor-label method of solving problems, and as such, it is often emphasized on early quizzes and examinations. 

Fung, B. K. and Stryer, L. (1978). Surface density determination in membranes by fluorescence energy transfer. Biochemistry 17, 5241-8. 

As AGT, DCGT avoids the troublesome density determination of the conventional gas thermometry. In addition, the pressure sensing tubes can be of any convenient size, and the thermometric gas can be moved in or out the bulb without the need to allow for the amount of the gas involved. 

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