Qualitative properties

There are two types of physical properties qualitative properties and quantitative properties. Qualitative properties are those that caimot be measured, such as smell or taste. Quantitative properties, on the other hand, can be given precise mathematical values, for example, the weight of a certain volume of a substance (density), the temperature at which the substance boils (boiling point), or electrical conductivity. 

Selenium has a complex chemistry in the environment because of its multiple oxidation states and variable surface adsorption properties. Qualitatively it is analogous to sulfur occurring in the oxidation states +6 (selenate, Se04 ), +4 (selenite, SeOs "), 0 (elemental selenium) and —2 (Se, selenide) The Se anion closely resembles S (radii 0.20 and 0.185nm, respectively) and is often associated with sulfide minerals. Also, like S, Se is subject to volatilization through biological methylation. 

The 13-atom crystal model has been used to calculate properties qualitatively similar to those of bulk nickel. The calculated rf-band width is 1.81 eV versus 2.44 eV found experimentally. The calculated value of rf-band holes per atom is 0.68 compared to an experimental value of 0.6, and the cohesive energy is about... 

Here, we will investigate the stability property of mixed convection flow past a heated horizontal plate, to provide the threshold buoyancy parameter that alters the instability property qualitatively. Such a problem is of importance for many engineering applications and in geophysical fluid dynamics. We also note that Steinriick (1994) has shown, for mixed convection over a horizontal plate that is cooled to exhibit non-uniqueness and numerical instabilities for the corresponding boundary layer equation, that would not affect the analysis when the plate is heated. 

Interpreting bulk properties qualitatively on the basis of microscopic properties requires only consideration of the long-range attractive forces and short-range repulsive forces between molecules it is not necessary to take into account the details of molecular shapes. We have already shown one kind of potential that describes these intermolecular forces, the Lennard-Jones 6-12 potential used in Section 9.7 to obtain corrections to the ideal gas law. In Section 10.2, we discuss a variety of intermolecular forces, most of which are derived from electrostatic (Coulomb) interactions, but which are expressed as a hierarchy of approximations to exact electrostatic calculations for these complex systems. 

In this chapter, we first discuss the origin of the effects of the fluorine atom on the basis of the molecular orbital theory. Then, we discuss some specific properties of the fluorinated molecules and materials. This book treats these properties qualitatively. For quantitative discussions and estimations, see the advanced physical chemistry books [1, 2], and, for detailed values of the properties, see the comprehensive summaries [3-5]. 

Figure 1.24a shows the retention of AITC included in a-, p-, and y-CD against the release time at 50°C and 15% RH. The AITC included in a-CD exhibited an extended release. After 25 h, 60% of the initial amount of AITC still remained in the powder at such a high temperature and humidity. On the other hand, the AITC included both in P- and y-CD released significantly during the initial period of release, showing a quantitatively similar release behavior in both cases. This implies that the AITC included in a-CD had good controlled released properties. Qualitatively similar results are observed for D-limonene included in the native CDs, as shown in Figure 1.24b. These results imply that the release characteristics of included flavors in CDs depend on the combination of the types of flavors and CDs.

Methadone is a long-acting jl-receptor agonist with properties qualitatively similar to those of... 

SEM images show that silicone has filled and sealed the inter-monofilament pores and voids and indicates that the PEG silicone surfactants coating the fabrics were decomposed after plasma treadnent. The cleaved products coating the nylon fabric appear to be distributed very uniformly. This phenomenon is consistent with the results of the contact angle measuranents cleavage of the prepared surfactants leads to water-insoluble silanol moieties and two water-soluble products this process imparts excellent water repellency to the nylon fabric. Zhang et al. (2003) determined antibacterial properties qualitatively through measurements of areas from which S. aureus and K. pneumonia have been eradicated. The silicone coat at the eradicated area is not transparent. Biocidal treatments with both the silicone and PEG 2000 silicone surfactants improved the antibacterial properties of the nylon fabrics. The results we obtained before and alter plasma treatment were similar, especially for S. aureus. Thus, the sample treated with PEG 2000 silicone retained its antibacterial activity and water repellency after plasma treatment (Lin et al., 2006). 

Early work on dilute lanthanide systems was motivated by the vast experimental and theoretical effort that had been expended on understanding dilute magnetic 3d impurities in noble metal hosts. In 1965, Sugawara discovered a resistance minimum in the YCe system, providing the first evidence of Kondo behavior for a lanthanide solute. This led to the discovery of numerous lanthanide Kondo systems which exhibited anomalies in their physical properties qualitatively identical to those found in 3d Kondo systems. 

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