DeNora

Chemetics, Krebs, etc where (--) represents a perforated plate (c) the single vessel system used by DeNora, Huron, and OCC (d) the double vessel... 

DeNora. . c titamum Teflon-lined steel mbber as explosion hatch Teflon-lined... 

DeNora Permelec SpA (1992) Hydrina membrane electrolysers through (129)... 

DrF Federico DeNora S.p.A., Via Bistolfi 35, 20134, Milano, Italy. Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Chlorine Related (Production) Technologies. E-mail DENORAspa denora.it... 

Encouraging laboratory experiments since 1994 with oxygen-depolarised cathodes (ODC) in chlor-alkali as well as hydrochloric acid electrolysis motivated the development of this technique up to the industrial scale. Based on the predictions of the theory, the reduction of cell voltage could be expected up to 1 V (Fig. 4.1) for both applications. Early on, the proper choice and improvement of ODC, deriving mainly from the DeNora group, led to results with voltages as predicted in short tests as well as in endurance tests conducted over dozens of months at the Bayer endurance test facilities. 

This was the basis of the co-operation between Bayer and DeNora with the goal... 

The next step was the full industrial-size element. It was developed jointly by Bayer and DeNora and constructed at the DeNora production site in Milan. The result of numerous detailed solutions and innovations was a test electrolyser with... 

For HCI electrolysis the cathodic reaction product is water, which is easily drained through the ODC without affecting the membrane water content. Consequently, the ODC can be attached directly to the membrane and pressure compensation is not necessary. The cell concept, which was developed in another co-operation with DeNora, could not be simpler - the basic cell principle is shown in Fig. 4.6. Initial laboratory tests conducted in 1994 at Bayer on the basis of old GE developments [4] demonstrated the feasibility of HCI electrolysis with ODC and the potential for a reduction of the cell voltage to about one-third of present values. 

A real breakthrough towards the reliable industrial application of a catalyst is represented by the development of a new rhodium (Rh)-based catalyst, manufactured by the E-Tek division [3] of DeNora North America. This has demonstrated an ability to overcome substantially the above-mentioned problems of chemical attack. 

The first practical example of electrodes able to satisfy many of the characteristics required in the application of chlor-alkali electrolysis is a particular family of doublesided gas-diffusion electrodes introduced some years ago under the trade name of ESNS , by E-TEK Inc. (now a Division of DeNora North America). The dual function (electrode and separator) of this electrode structure was achieved with an accurate choice of the basic components. 

Balko, E.N. (1979) SPE hydrochloric acid electrolysis cells performances. Cell Configuration, Oronzio DeNora Symposium - Chlorine Technology. See United States Patent No. 4,311,568 and United States Patent No. 4,294,671. 

Gruppa DeNora NUVERA FUEL CELLS INC GT Solar (Shanghai) Co., Ltd GT SOLAR INTERNATIONAL INC... 

The history of the development of the DSA electrodes is a classic of its kind. The original inventor, Henri Beer, was of the traditional type his work started in a small private laboratory. The first offerof the rights to his invention was made by a large British chemical concern for 25,000. Successful patenting was concerned with the help of deNora of Milan, Italy. World patents have been taken out by Diamond Shamrock of the United States. 

Dimensionally stable anodes represent, from the commercial point of view, one of the more important inventions in the history of industrial electrochemistry. Even so, carbon electrodes were an entrenched and stable part of the mindset of the chlorine production community. deNora s sales technique was at first to offer use of the new electrodes at zero cost, only asking for half the dollar gains obtained by a company s use of the new electrodes. This technique created a market for the new electrodes, so that it could soon be replaced with a more normal sales technique. 

Both Italy and Switzerland have work in progress on advanced alkaline electrolyzers. The DeNora Corporation and Brown Boveri of Italy and Switzerland, respectively, have built some of the largest industrial electrolysis plants and are each supporting in-house R D efforts, as well as working on contracts from their respective governments. 

Figure 13. In situ Rh K edge XANES data after subtraction of the corresponding XANES data as a function of potential, A p= p(V)-p(0.4 V) in TEMSA. (a) Data shown for 30% Rh Sy (DeNora) in deaerated 1 M TEMSA, for 30% Rh Sy (De-Nora) 6 M TEMSA, (c) for Rh2S3 preferential phase (30% on C) in 1 M TEMSA and (d) RhsS, preferential phase (30% on C) in 1 M TEMSA. All potentials represented by common legends as shown in Figure 13 (a).

Nidola, A "Brine Electrolysis with an Ironzio DeNora Design... 

During the 1960s, major research efforts were devoted to the oxides of platinum group metal exhibiting high metallic conductivity, and in 1967, Beer invented RuO2 coatings on Ti substrates for application as anode in chlor-alkali cells.40 41 These dimension-ally stable anodes (DSA ) have been further developed and commercialized by V. deNora.42... 

Proceedings of the Oronzio DeNora symposium on chlorine technology, Ed. by O. DeNora, Impiante Elettrochimica S.P.A., Italy, 1979. 

These systems were mostly non-pressurized bipolar electrolyzers produced by Bamag, Norsk Hydro, BBC/DEMAG and DeNora, whose outputs amounted to approximately 300 Nm h hydrogen. Rectangular (Fig. 11.5) and circular electrodes and cells with an active electrode area of up to approximately 3 m were used. 

PPG and DeNora jointly developed a bipolar filter-press diaphragm cell called the Glanor electrolyzer [32]. The central design feature is the bipolar electrode where one side acts as an anode and the other as a cathode. The electrode consists of a steel plate to which anode fingers are connected on one side and cathode fingers on the other. 

Anode coating suppliers include Chemapol Industries (India), ELTECH (US), Electrode Products Inc. (US), DeNora (US), Huron (Canada), Permelec (Japan), INEOS (UK), Magneto-Chemie (Holland), Permelec (Italy), Team (India), Titan (India), and many others. 

A. Pellegri, Oronzio DeNora Impianti Elettrochimici, S.P.A., British Patent 2,051,131 (1980). 

W.B. Darlington, Activated Cathodes for Reduced Power Consumption in Electrolytic Cells, In O. DeNora (ed.). Proceedings of the DeNora Symposium on Chlorine Technology., Venice, (1979), p. 30. E. Nicholas, Fr. Appl. 7917441(1979). 

M. Seko, New Development of the Asahi Chemical Membrane Chlor-AlkaK Process. In Proceedings of the Oronzio DeNora Symposium Chlorine Technology, Venice (1979), p. 141. 

Presently, there are five mercury-cell technologies [70,71] practiced in the world, and their operating characteristics are summarized in Table 5.2. The only technology supplier that is active in optimizing the cell design and the cell operations to achieve negligible mercury emissions is DeNora [72]. 

Characteristic Uhde DeNora Krebskosmo Olin Solvay... 

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