Demanded volume

However, in practice the octane number has a ceiling imposed by refining industry constraints such as composition, lead reduction or elimination, cost, and demand volume and distribution. 

Scalability Can the system as designed and deployed be scaled up to handle greater usage demands (volume of data, numbers of users, rate of requests) Scalability is achieved primarily by repheating resources—processors, memory, storage media—and their software processing counterparts. Component-based designs in which the components can be deployed on separate processors, and where the overhead of cross-component coordination is proportionately small, enhances scalability. 

Demand is forecasted with price and quantity in a first step and aggregated to a total demand volume with an average price. 

Result is a sales plan to be disaggregated on the individual customer basis. Sales volumes different to demand volumes are possible if sales flexibility in spot businesses exists compared to sales contracts that need to be fulfilled. 

Sales volumes by period follow the same pattern as sales turnover does with a peak in the middle periods. In conclusion, the overall demand volume and prices are sufficiently attractive to be served. 

These effects result from the impact of fluorination on the properties of the peptide at the level of (1) the lipophilicity/hydrophobicity balance and p faJ (2) the conformation, because of the more demanding volume of the fluorinated moiety and (3) the hydrolytic and metabolic stability. 

In practice decision makers typically are risk averse and the expected value approach does not take into account the variability of the solutions obtained under the probability distributions or scenarios considered for the uncertain parameters. Rosenhead et al. (1972) introduced the aspect of robustness as a criterion for strategic planning to address this issue. Building on the notion of robustness, Mulvey et al. (1995) developed the concept of robust optimization distinguishing between two different types of robust models. A model is solution robust if the solution obtained remains close to optimality for any realization of the uncertain parameters. The model itself is robust if it remains (almost) feasible for any realization of the uncertain parameters (model robust).36 Here, only solution robustness is of interest as the most important elements of uncertainty in production network design, namely demand volumes, costs, prices and exchange rates, should not lead to infeasibility problems under different scenarios considered. 

The parameters that have to be established for all existing and potential plants and products include amongst others input factor costs, demand volumes and prices. While some of these parameters such as plant operation costs or transportation costs can be determined (and to a lesser extent forecasted) relatively easily, others such as plant construction costs or demand volumes and prices are much more difficult to establish. 

Companies make money in essentially two ways - they either increase revenue and/or reduce costs. On the revenue side, the business case for CSR is more difficult to quantify reliably, for too many factors influence a company s performance. The general economic climate, industry conditions and market demands, volume discounts to distributors to clear out inventory, and acquisitions all affect revenue, but none has anything do with a company s CSR. Similarly, with stock price, while CSR companies may be more attractive to socially responsible investors (SRI), their corporate responsibility is only one of a half dozen or more factors that influence the buying decisions of money managers and stock analysts. 

A first step was to understand the link between orders received by Industrial and demand faced by Industrial s customers. Ten key distributors comprised over 80% of Industrial s sales. Separating the order streams indicated that these ten distributors generated the bulk of the order volatility faced by Industrial. The remaining 20% of the demand volume observed by Industrial was a quite steady (Figure 1.4). 

The next step in a supply chain audit is to examine how capacity is deployed by understanding its product-based allocation, which is related to design choices across locations and product types and across locations. Thus, we will first consider how products can be separated based on their demand volumes and consequent impact on capacity requirements. The next step will be to consider if product design specifications can be standardized to improve supply chain performance. Finally, the impact of a consolidation warehouse on required capacity will be considered. 

Figure 6.5 Demand volume fluctuations over time.122...

To accomplish this modeling, the demand and supply hierarchies must be decoupled to enable volume/mix what-if trade-offs iteratively between process steps. This S OP maturity stage requires the addition of two new capabilities demand translation and supply orchestration. The process of modeling demand volume/mix trade-offs between demand and supply is demand translation. In supply orchestration, trade-offs are determined and translated into buying strategies in commodity markets to determine the most effective formulation or platform design to schedule for manufacturing. 

When Croxton et al. (2002) detailed the sub-process of determine forecasting procedures, they explain that the first step is to xmderstand what type of forecast is needed, then what data is available, and finally, select a forecasting method which will depend on the environment that the forecasting is taking place. They presented a two-by-two matrix to show which forecast approach is appropriate based on demand variability and demand volume, as shown in Fig. 4.3. 

Each functional area should analyze operational capacity to fulfill demand volumes ... 

Additionally, the posterior distribution of each of the future demand volumes is... 

Taking the demanded volume of a product as a third criterion into account, a high-volume mass market allows for taking advantage of economies of scale, whereas a low-volume market requires a more flexible approach both in production and the demand chain. 

The total revenue is given by the demand volume and sales price of a particular product p in a specific customer zone k (Equation 3.1). Shipping a product... 

Facility Costs. Its online sales allow Amazon to lower facility costs because it does not need the retail infrastructure that a bookstore chain such as Barnes Noble must have. Initially, Amazon did not have a warehonse, purchasing all books from distributors. When demand volumes were low, the distributor was a better location to carry inventories because it aggregated demand across other booksellers besides Amazon. As demand has grown, however, Amazon has opened its own warehonses, where it stocks books. Thus, facihty costs at Amazon are growing, although they are still much lower than the facility costs for a bookstore chain. For e-books, Amazon needs server capacity to ensure that downloads are quick, but the investment in server capacity is likely to be cheaper than that for the warehousing required to serve physical demand. 

Volume discounts Large customers demand volume discounts. Volume discounts can be applied successfully if long production runs are made or if you are capable of reducing setup time and costs. 

The 0.9 mm orifice plate acts as a flow control limit as the pressure proportional valve so demands (volume reduction because the valve Y902 in Figure 5.11 can only drain off 3 1/min). 

---