Deferent

Most companies have at least two ways in which to defer the decommissioning of a field or installation ... 

Gas is produced to surface separators which are used to extract the heavier ends of the mixture (typically the components). The dry gas is then compressed and reinjected into the reservoir to maintain the pressure above the dew point. As the recycling progresses the reservoir composition becomes leaner (less heavy components), until eventually it is not economic to separate and compress the dry gas, at which point the reservoir pressure is blown down as for a wet gas reservoir. The sales profile for a recycling scheme consists of early sales of condensate liquids and delayed sale of gas. An alternative method of keeping the reservoir above the dew point but avoiding the deferred gas sales is by water injection. 

Crude oil and gas from offshore platforms are evacuated by pipeline or alternatively, in the case of oil, by tanker. Pipeline transport is the most common means of evacuating hydrocarbons, particularly where large volumes are concerned. Although a pipeline may seem a fairly basic piece of equipment, failure to design a line for the appropriate capacity, or to withstand operating conditions over the field life time, can prove very costly in terms of deferred oil production. 

Typically, the contractor carries the cost of exploration, appraisal and development, later claiming these costs form a tranche of the produced oil or gas ( cost oil ). If the cost oil allowance is insufficient to cover the annual costs (capex and opex), excess costs are usually deferred to the following year. After the deduction of royalty (if applicable) the remaining volume of production (called profit oil ) is then split between the contractor and the host government. The contractor will usually pay tax on the contractor s share of the profit oil. In diagrammatic form the split of production for a typical PSC is shown in Figure 13.11. 

Decommissioning may be achieved in different ways, depending on the facilities type and the location. This section will also briefly look at the ways in which decommissioning can be deferred by extending the field life, and then at the main methods of well abandonment and facilities decommissioning. 

The economic lifetime was introduced in Section 13.3, and was defined as the point at which the annual cashflow turned permanently negative. This is the time at which income from production no longer exceeds the costs of production, and marks the point when decommissioning should occur, since it does not make economic sense to continue to run a loss-making venture. Technically, the production of hydrocarbons could continue beyond this point but only by accepting financial losses. There are two ways to defer decommissioning ... 

Of course the operator will strive to use both of these means of deferring abandonment. 

The discussion of surface viscosity and other aspects of surface rheology is deferred to Section IV-3C. 

One of the principal experimental advantages of this method of detemiining relaxation times is that it may be carried out with standard EPR spectrometers using CW-detected EPR lines [9, 10]. A discussion of more direct measurements of and T2 using time-resolved EPR techniques is deferred to a later point (see sections bl. 15.4 and Bl. 15.6.3(b)). 

The first of these questions is deferred to Section VI. The second is addressed by considering tJie degeneracy condition VV r,o) = W (/..O). One solution lies at r = 0, and there ai e three other s at r = k/l and o = 7t, —rt/3 [30.3 IJ.. A circuit of with r < k/i therefore encloses a single degenerate point, wliich accounts for the Tiormar sign change. 1. whereas as circuit with... 

As In the case of the material balance equations, the enthalpy balance can be written in dimensionless form, and this introduces new dimensionless parameters in addition to those listed in Table 11.1. We shall defer consideration of these until Chapter 12, where we shall construct the unsteady state enthalpy and material balances, and reduce them to dimensionless form. 

The preparation of ether is described here because this is chemically its logical position. It is advisable, however, for students to defer its preparation... 

If these elements are included in an organic molecule, the choice of computational method can be made based on the organic system with deference to the exceptions listed in this section. If completely inorganic calculations are being performed, use a method that tends to correctly model the property of interest in organic systems. 

The two stereoisomeric furanose forms of d erythrose are named a d erythro furanose and p d erythrofuranose The prefixes a and p describe fhe relative configu ration of fhe anomeric carbon The configurafion of fhe anomeric carbon is compared wifh fhaf of fhe highesf numbered chiralify cenfer m fhe molecule—fhe one fhaf defer mines whefher fhe carbohydrafe is d or l Chemisfs use a simplified informal version of fhe lUPAC rules for assigning a and p fhaf holds for carbohydrates up fo and mclud mg hexoses... 

Water is another adsorptive which has often been used, but its complexity of behaviour renders it generally unsuitable for the evaluation of total surface area. Consideration of this important topic is deferred to Chapter 5. 

The steps may be so chosen as to correspond to consecutive points on the experimental isotherm. In practice it is more convenient to divide the desorption process into a number of standard steps, either of relative pressure, or of pore radius, which is of course a function of relative pressure. The amount given up during each step i must be converted into a liquid volume i , (by use of the normal liquid density) in some procedures the conversion is deferred to a late stage in the calculation, but conceptually it is preferable to undertake the conversion at the outset. As indicated earlier, the task then becomes (i) to calculate the contribution dv due to thinning of the adsorbed film, and thus obtain the core volume associated with the mean core radius r by the subtraction = t ... 

It would clearly be of interest to discover how far the nonane method can be used with adsorbates other than nitrogen. A study along these lines has been carried out by Tayyab, but a discussion of his rather unexpected results is best deferred until the role of fine constrictions has been considered (p. 228). Meanwhile it may be noted that the applicability of the technique seems to be limited to adsorptives such as nitrogen or argon which have negligible solubility in solid or supercooled liquid n-nonane. 

We shall defer a quantitative discussion of this expansion factor until the discussion of solutions in Chaps. 8 and 9. 

Temperature is an important variable in the discussion of viscoelasticity. For reasons of pedagogy, most consideration of this variable is deferred to the next chapter. This does not mean that temperature is unimportant to the present discussion, only that the agenda is full enough without it. 

In this chapter we deal exclusively with homopolymers. The important case of copolymers formed by the chain mechanism is taken up in the next chapter. The case of copolymerization offers an excellent framework for the comparison of chemical reactivities between different monomer molecules. Accordingly, we defer this topic until Chap. 7, although it is also pertinent to the differences in the homopolymerization reactions of different monomers. 

Note that this inquiry into copolymer propagation rates also increases our understanding of the differences in free-radical homopolymerization rates. It will be recalled that in Sec. 6.1 a discussion of this aspect of homopolymerization was deferred until copolymerization was introduced. The trends under consideration enable us to make some sense out of the rate constants for propagation in free-radical homopolymerization as well. For example, in Table 6.4 we see that kp values at 60°C for vinyl acetate and styrene are 2300 and 165 liter mol sec respectively. The relative magnitude of these constants can be understod in terms of the sequence above. 

The hydrogen atom and one-electron ions are the simplest systems in the sense that, having only one electron, there are no inter-electron repulsions. However, this unique property leads to degeneracies, or near-degeneracies, which are absent in all other atoms and ions. The result is that the spectrum of the hydrogen atom, although very simple in its coarse structure (Figure 1.1) is more unusual in its fine structure than those of polyelectronic atoms. For this reason we shall defer a discussion of its spectrum to the next section. 

The clinical performance of a hemodialy2er is usually described in terms of clearance, a term having its roots in renal physiology, which is defined as the rate of solute removal divided by the inlet flow concentration as shown in equation 7, where Cl is clearance in ml,/min and all other terms are as defined previously except that, in deference to convention, flow rates are now expressed in minutes rather than seconds and feed side (/) is now synonymous with blood flow on the luminal side. 

No unambiguous reactions of unfused azetes have been reported rather, the existence of transient azetes has been inferred from the observation of products which might reasonably be attributed to their further reaction. Separate discussion of reactivity and preparation is, therefore, inappropriate, and apart from a few general comments is deferred to Section 5.09.5.3. 

Equation (9-41) represents the future sum of a series of uniform annual payments that are invested at a stated interest rate over a period of years. This procedure defines an ordinaiy annuity. Other Forms of annuities include the annuity due, in which payments are made at the beginning of the year instead of at the end and the deferred annuity, in which the first payment is deferred for a definite number of years. 

Deferred income taxes Other deferred credits... 

Similarly, the distinction between current and long-term liabihties is also not clear-cut. Current liabilities include accounts payable (money owed to creditors), taxes payable, dividends payable, etc., if due within a year. Long-term liabihties include deferred income taxes, bonds, notes, etc., that do not have to be paid within a year. The owners equity includes the par, or face, value of the capital received from stockholders and any retained earnings. The balance sheet shows only the nominal value and not the current or real value of this capital. 

Bills are due on monthly account with a 2 percent discount for cash. Overdraft and deferred-tax interest are compounded daily at nominal annual interest rates of 15 and 9 percent respectively. Corporation tax, capital gains tax, and personal income tax rates are 50, 40, and 30 percent respectively. The current rate of inflation is at 8 percent per year. The traditional return expected hy investors is 7 percent per year net of all taxes in real terms. 

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