Deciliter

In molecular weight determinations it is conventional to dissolve a measured mass of polymer m2 into a volumetric flask and dilute to the mark with an appropriate solvent. We shall use the symbol Cj to designate concentrations in mass per volume units. In practice, 100-ml volumetric flasks are often used, in which case C2 is expressed in grams per 100 ml or grams per deciliter. Even though these are not SI units, they are encountered often enough in the literature to be regarded as conventional solution units in polymer chemistry. 

PPS is well-recognized for its exceptional chemical resistance. There are no known solvents for PPS below 200°C. A comprehensive survey of solvents for PPS has been published (115). Extreme conditions are required to dissolve PPS in both common and exotic solvents. Solution viscosity measurements are made difficult by this high temperature requirement. Inherent viscosity measurements are performed in 1-chloronaphthalene at 206°C at a concentration of 0.4 g of polymer per deciliter of solution. The inherent viscosity of PPS solutions shows a usefiil response to increa sing molecular weight. Table 2 shows a correlation of inherent viscosity measurements with melt flow measurements. 

Cholesterol in blood is measured in milligrams of cholesterol per deciliter of blood. If the unit of measurement were changed to grams of cholesterol per milliliter of blood, what would a cholesterol reading of 185 mg/dL translate to ... 

Cholesterol levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood. 

The concentration of transferrin in plasma is approximately 300 mg/dL. This amount of transferrin can bind 300 pg of iron per deciliter, so that this represents the total iron-binding capacity of plasma. However,... 

If the intrinsic viscosity is large (i.e., greater than about 4 deciliters per gram), the viscosity is likely to be appreciably dependent on the rate of shear in the range of operation of the usual capillary viscometer. Measurements in a viscometer permitting operation at a series of rates of shear extending to very low rates are then required in order to extrapolate nsp/c to its limiting value at a shear rate of zero. Extrapolation to infinite dilution does not eliminate the effect on this ratio of a dependence on shear rate. 

Nevertheless, the values for different systems derived from measurements carried out in several laboratories are strikingly consistent, and they lend support to the view that the value of is the same in different systems, provided of course that the molecules conform to a random coil configuration. The best value for appears at present to be 2.1 ( 0.2) X10, r being expressed in cm., M in units of molecular weight, and [rj] in deciliters per gram. 

The amount of total lead in the blood can be measured to determine if exposure to lead has occurred. This test can tell if you have been recently exposed to lead. Lead can be measured lead in teeth or bones by X-ray techniques, but these methods are not widely available. These tests tell about long-term exposures to lead. Exposure to lead can be evaluated by measuring erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) in blood samples. EP is a part of red blood cells known to increase when the amount of lead in the blood is high. However, the EP level is not sensitive enough to identify children with elevated blood lead levels below about 25 micrograms per deciliter ( ig/dL). For this reason, the primary screening method is measurement of blood lead. For more information on tests to measure lead in the body, see Chapters 2 and 6. 

Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP (2003) Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 pg per deciliter. N Engl J Med 348 1517-1526... 

Blood lead levels, usually expressed as pg/deciliter, have been converted to pg/L, for uniformity, in the present work. 

Most clinical labs report BAC in milligrams per deciliter. In legal cases, results are reported in percentage (grams of alcohol per 100 mL of whole blood). Thus, a BAC of 150 mg/dL = 0.15%. 

The viscosity ratio or relative viscosity, T rel, is the ratio of the viscosity of the polymer solution to the viscosity of the pure solvent. In capillary viscometer measurements, the relative viscosity (dimensionless) is the ratio of the flow time for the solution t to the flow time for the solvent /fj (Table 2). The specific (sp) viscosity (dimensionless) is also defined in Table 2, as is the viscosity number or reduced (red) viscosity, which has the units of cubic meters per kilogram (m3/kg) or deciliters per gram (dL/g). The logarithmic viscosity number or inherent (inh) viscosity likewise has the units m3/kg or dL/g. For r red and rjmh, c, the concentration of polymer, is expressed in convenient units, traditionally g/100 cm3 but kg/m3 in SI units. The viscosity number and logarithmic viscosity number vary with concentration, but each can be extrapolated (Fig. 9) to zero concentration to give the limiting viscosity number (intrinsic viscosity) (Table 2). 

The strength of a solution is usually expressed as the quantity of solute in sufficient solvent to make 100 mL for instance, 20% potassium chloride solution is 20 grams of KCI per deciliter (g/dL) of final solution. Both the concentration and the volume should be explicitly written out. 

Standard lipid screening to obtain a cholesterol profile for the risk of cardiovascular disease routinely reports total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Cholesterol values are reported in milligrams per deciliter of blood (mg/dL). Different organizations have made recommendations for normal cholesterol levels, but these must be interpreted carefully, as they are contingent on other risk conditions. For example, the recommendations for smokers or those with a family history of heart disease will be lower for someone without these conditions. The National Center for Cholesterol Education (NCEP) endorsed by the American Heart Association believes that LDL is the primary cholesterol component to determine therapy. LDL cholesterol accounts for 60—70% of blood serum cholesterol. An LDL less than 160 mg/dL is recommended for individuals with no more than one risk factor and less than 100 mg/dL for individuals with coronary heart disease. NCEP classifies HDL, which comprises between 20% and 30% of blood cholesterol, below 40 mg/dL as low. Triglycerides are an indirect measure of VLDL cholesterol. The NCEP considers a normal triglyceride level as less than 150 mg/dL. 

Solution Viscosity and Acetyl Value. For cellulose triacetate, the values of [ln /C] C = 0.1% in a 90 to 10 volume mixture of methylene chloride-methanol at 25°C. were measured and denoted as inherent viscosity (I. V.) (deciliters per gram). 

The Einstein theory shows that volume fraction is the theoretically favored concentration unit in the expansion for viscosity, even though it is not a practical unit for unknown solutes. As was the case in the Flory-Huggins theory in Chapter 3, Section 3.4b, it is convenient to convert volume fractions into mass/volume concentration units for the colloidal solute. According to Equation (3.78), 0 = c(V2/M2), where c has units mass/volume and V2 and M2 are the partial molar volume and molecular weight, respectively, of the solute. In viscosity work, volumes are often expressed in deciliters —a testimonial to the convenience of the 100-ml volumetric flask In this case, V2 must be expressed in these units also. The reader is advised to be particularly attentive to the units of concentration in an actual problem since the units of intrinsic viscosity are concentration when the reduced viscosity is written as an expansion of powers of concentration c. (The intrinsic viscosity is dimensionless when the reduced viscosity is written as an expansion of powers of volume fraction 0.) With the substitution of Equation (3.78), Equation (42) becomes... 

DKA diabetic ketoacidosis dL deciliter DM diabetes mellitus DMARD disease-modifying... 

What can be done to prevent atherosclerosis For persons with a high LDL level there is little doubt that a decreased dietary intake of cholesterol and a decrease in caloric intake are helpful. While such dietary restriction may be beneficial to the entire population, controlled studies of the effect of dietary modification on atherosclerosis have been disappointing and confusing.33 A diet that is unhealthy for some may be healthy for others. For example, an 88-year old man who ate 25 eggs a day for many years had a normal plasma cholesterol level of 150-200 mg / deciliter (3.9-5.2 mM) bb Comparisons of diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, palmitic acid, or stearic acid have also been confusing.cc cd/dd Can it be true that palmitic acid from tropical oils and other plant sources promotes atherogenesis, but that both unsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid from animal fats are less dangerous ... 

Figure 22 Absorption spectrum and MCD of Ni(CN) in HzO. 1

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