Blood levels elevated lead

The amount of total lead in the blood can be measured to determine if exposure to lead has occurred. This test can tell if you have been recently exposed to lead. Lead can be measured lead in teeth or bones by X-ray techniques, but these methods are not widely available. These tests tell about long-term exposures to lead. Exposure to lead can be evaluated by measuring erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) in blood samples. EP is a part of red blood cells known to increase when the amount of lead in the blood is high. However, the EP level is not sensitive enough to identify children with elevated blood lead levels below about 25 micrograms per deciliter ( ig/dL). For this reason, the primary screening method is measurement of blood lead. For more information on tests to measure lead in the body, see Chapters 2 and 6. 

Liebelt E Yale University, New Haven, CT Efficacy of three forms of inpatient chelation that are being utilized in the treatment of children with elevated blood lead levels National Center For Research Resources... 

Adebonojo FO. 1974. Hematologic status of urban black children in Philadelphia Emphasis on the frequency of anemia and elevated blood lead levels. Clin Pediatr 13 874-888. 

American Academy of Pediatrics. 1998. Screening for elevated blood lead levels. Policy Statement. Committee on Environmental Health. Pediatrics 101(6) 1072-1078. 

CDC. 1997d. Children with elevated blood lead levels attributed to home renovation and remodeling activities. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention— New York 1993-1994, MMWR 45(51 52) 1120-1123. 

Kaye WE, Novotny TE, Tucker M. 1987. New ceramics-related industry implicated in elevated blood lead levels in children. Arch Environ Health 42 161-164. 

Kotok D, Kotok R, Heriot T. 1977. Cognitive evaluation of children with elevated blood lead levels. Am JDis Child 131 791-793. 

Lanphear BP, Byrd RS, Auinger P, et al. 1998b. Community characteristics associated with elevated blood lead levels in children. Pediatrics 101(2) 264-271. 

Whelan EA, Piacitelli GM, Gerwel B, et al. 1997. Elevated blood lead levels in children of construction workers. Am J Public Health 87(8) 1352-1355. 

Huo X, Peng L, Xu X, Zheng L, Qiu B, Qi Z, Zhang B, Han D, Piao Z (2007) Elevated blood lead levels of children in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling town in China. Environ Health Perspect 115 1113-1117... 

Signs of lead poisoning, i.e., depressed blood ALAD activity or elevated blood lead levels, were reported for birds near a metal smelter (Beyer et al. 1985 Henny et al. 1991), in 17% of canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) from Chesapeake Bay in 1974 (Dieter etal. 1976), and in three species of... 

Interfered with four-step learning sequence elevated blood lead levels remained for 5 weeks after lead exposure... 

Lead adversely affected the survival of sensitive mammals tested at different concentrations (Table 4.8) 5 to 108 mg Pb/kg BW in rats (acute oral), 0.32 mg Pb/kg BW daily in dogs (chronic oral), and 1.7 mg Pb/kg diet in horses (chronic dietary). Adverse sublethal effects (Table 4.8) were noted in monkeys given 0.1 mg Pb/kg BW daily (impaired learning 2 years postadministration) or fed diets containing 0.5 mg Pb/kg (abnormal social behavior) in rabbits given 0.005 mg Pb/kg BW (reduced blood ALAD activity) or 0.03 mg Pb/kg BW (elevated blood lead levels) in mice at 0.05 mg Pb/kg BW (reduced ALAD activity) or in sheep at 0.05 mg Pb/kg BW (tissue accumulations). 

Binns, H J., Kim, D. and Campbell, C., Targeted screening for elevated blood lead levels Populations at high risk, Pediatrics, 108, 1364, 2001. 

Chelators bind metals so that they are more readily excreted in the urine. In the past, chelators were routinely prescribed to people with elevated blood lead levels in an effort to accelerate the excretion of lead in the urine. Unless the blood levels are excessively elevated the current treatment is to determine the source of the lead exposure and take remedial action. The problem with chelators is that they are non-specific and bind useful agents such as calcium. 

The causes may include household dust, droppings from dust mites, and mold. Asthma-related illness resulted in over 100,000 children visiting a hospital and losing over 10 million school days. A very different kind of long-term disability results from childhood lead exposure. The US Centers of Disease Control estimated that over one million US children have elevated blood lead levels due to household exposures. 

Other Minor Hemoglobins. The nature of Hb-Aia and Hb-An. has not been clarified. The two minor hemoglobins are present in decreased quantities in patients with hemolytic anemia, and in increased amounts in patients with myelocytic leukemia and iron deficiency anemia (Fig. 7) (H24). An unknown, fast moving, minor hemoglobin fraction has been observed when red cell hemolysates from children with elevated blood lead levels were analyzed by electrophoresis (Cll). 

Moel DI, Kumar K. Reversible nephrotoxic reactions to a combined 2,3-dimercapto-l-propanol and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid regimen in asymptomatic children with elevated blood lead levels. Pediatrics 1982 70(2) 259-62. 

Chung EK, Webb D, Clampet-Lundquist S, et al A comparison of elevated blood lead levels among children living in foster care, their siblings, and the general population. Pediatrics 107 e81, 2001... 

Cohen D], Johnson WT, Capamlo BK Pica and elevated blood lead level in autistic and atypical children. American Journal of Diseases of Children 130 47-48, 1976 Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants Biologic effects of lead in man, in Lead Airborne Lead in Perspective. Edited by Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1972, pp 71-313... 

Karp inski FE, Rieders F, Girsh LS Calcium disodium versenate in the therapy of lead encephalopathy. J Pediatr 42 687-699, 1953 Kirkconnell SC, Hicks LE Residual effects of lead poisoning on Denver Developmental Screening Test scores. J Abnorm Child Psychol 8 257-267, 1980 Kotok D Development of children with elevated blood lead levels a controlled study. J Pediatr 80 57-61, 1972... 

Rabinowitz MB, Wang J-D, Soong W-T Children s classroom behavior and lead in Taiwan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 48 282-288,1992 Ratcliffe JM Developmental and behavioural functions in young children with elevated blood lead levels. Br J Prev Soc Med 31 258-264, 1977 Rigby EP Low lead levels and mental retardation (letter). Lancet 1 421,1977 Rogan WJ, Dietrich KN, Ware JH, et al The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. N Engl J Med 344 1421-1426, 2001... 

Asymptomatic children with elevated blood lead levels. The Centers tor Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend treatment of children with levels of 45 mcg/dL or higher. Use oral succimer (DMSA, p 501). A recent large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of DMSA in children with blood lead concentrations between 25 and 44 mcg/dL found no evidence of clinical benefit. 

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