Data requirements, disposal

An example of the kinds of data required for land disposal options would be Information on soll/pestlclde Interactions to determine the effect of the pesticide on the soil and soil on the pesticide. The physical composition of the soil and the physical properties of the pesticide and Its formulation will determine the adsorption, leaching, water dispersal, and volatilization of the pesticide which. In turn, determine the mobility of the pesticide In soil. Even pesticides of closely related structures may have very different soil retention properties. Much of this data will be available from that developed to meet other registration data requirements with the exception that disposal rates are often orders of magnitude higher than normal application rates and the difference must be considered. 

Production, Import/Export, Use, and Disposal. 2-Hexanone is no longer produced, imported, or used commercially in the United States (EPA 1987b). Any future manufacture or use is required to be reported to EPA (EPA 1987b). Data from these reports would be helpful in estimating the potential for human exposure to this compound. No data on disposal of 2-hexanone were located. 

The modifying factor in the risk index represents any considerations of importance to waste classification other than those that are directly incorporated in the calculated risk from disposal and the specified allowable risk. The modifying factor can take into account, for example, the probability of occurrence of assumed exposure scenarios used in classifying waste, uncertainties in the assessment of risk from disposal and in the data required to evaluate the risk index, levels of naturally occurring hazardous substances in surface soil and their associated health risks to the public, and the costs and benefits of different means of waste disposal. The modifying factor is discussed further in Section 6.3.3. 

One of the main concerns of any environmental project is the collection of relevant and valid data. These are the data of the type, quantity, and quality that are appropriate and sufficient for the project decisions. The standards for data relevancy and validity stem from the intended use of the data since different uses require different type, quantity, and quality of data. For example, the data requirements for a risk assessment project are drastically different from those of a waste disposal project the requirements for site investigation data are different from these for site closure. 

The information required for a notification is the chemical identity, amount manufactured or imported, use, physico-chemical properties, ecotoxicity studies, available mutagenicity studies and animal toxicity, indir t long-term effects on humans and recommendations for disposal and labelling. The data requirements for the notification of new substances are based on the OECD MPD and arc very similar to those in the EC. The minimum information required is listed in Table 34.1. There are no official reduced data requirements for notification of substances to be supplied only in low amounts, although FOEFL will negotiate on a case-by-case basis for certain of the standard tests to be omitted, especially if the substance is to be used in special applications or has special disposal methods which minimise environmental contamination. Studies are to be conducted in compliance with GLP to OECD guidelines or their equivalent. 

Also required upon submission of a PMN would be information on intended use, the amounts manufactured, amounts released, and disposal methods. However, the amount and type of data required for the risk assessment of a microorganism would vary according to the risk potential of the organism. 

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is defined in Horne [4] as the compilation and evaluation of inputs and outputs and the potential impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. In E-LCA, all input materials, waste, and emissions are accounted for at all stages raw material extraction and processing product and/or service manufacturing use and disposal and finally transportation. The comprehensive data requirement of LCA makes it a particularly effective mechanism for systematic assessment of environmental impacts when designing chemical engineerir processes to produce chemicals, fuels, and other product systems [4]. 

The Provisions specified that notification must include "the name(s) and the molecular structure the method(s) applied in measuring the use(s) of the new chemical substance the scheduled aimual amount of manufacture or import the physi-chemical [sic] properties, toxicological and eco-toxicological characteristics the measures for accident prevention and emeigency responses and the measures for pollution prevention and elimination and for waste disposal, etc." The form of notification depended upon the amoimt of the chemical in commerce basic level (<1 ton per annum), level 1 (10 to 1,000 tons per annum), and level 2 (>1,000 tons per annum). In addition, the provisions allowed for certain special cases, for example, simplified notification for a substance already listed in four or more existing inventories aroimd the world. The amoimt of data required increased with the tonnage level [140,141]. 

LCAs attempt to provide comprehensive analyses in two dimensions. First, the full set of manufacturing, transportation, and solid-waste management processes required to support the manufacture, use, and disposal of a product is considered to be potentially within the scope of the study. In practice, however, boundary rules must be adopted to keep the data requirements within feasible limits (ISO, 1998). Second, the full set of relevant flows to and from the environment is potentially within the scope of the study. Rules are adopted to make the task manageable. 

A cost display should be possible, once application itemised cost data are inputted. The data required for an effluent would include the cost of power at various times of the day, cost of effluent disposal, polymer cost, and cake disposal cost. Other costs that may be included would be, for example, amortisation of capital. The processor would then work out the plant running costs for display, or periodic print out. 

The profits from using this approach are dear. Any neural network applied as a mapping device between independent variables and responses requires more computational time and resources than PCR or PLS. Therefore, an increase in the dimensionality of the input (characteristic) vector results in a significant increase in computation time. As our observations have shown, the same is not the case with PLS. Therefore, SVD as a data transformation technique enables one to apply as many molecular descriptors as are at one s disposal, but finally to use latent variables as an input vector of much lower dimensionality for training neural networks. Again, SVD concentrates most of the relevant information (very often about 95 %) in a few initial columns of die scores matrix. 

Hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of dialkyl and monoalkyl sulfates is a process of considerable iaterest commercially. Successful alkylation ia water requires that the fast reaction of the first alkyl group with water and base be minimised. The very slow reaction of the second alkyl group results ia poor utilisation of the alkyl group and gives an iacreased organic load to a waste-disposal system. Data have accumulated siace 1907 on hydrolysis ia water under acid, neutral, and alkaline conditions, and best conditions and good values for rates have been reported and the subject reviewed (41—50). 

Human toxicity, aquatic toxicity, and the environmental impact of engine coolants and deicing fluids ate typically measured on the fresh fluid only. Spent fluids contain varied contaminants that can drastically affect the toxicity and environmental impact of the fluid. Most pronounced is the impact of heavy-metal contaminants in spent antifreeze. Data on spent and recycled antifreeze, compiled by the ASTM Committee on Engine Coolants, show an average lead level 11 ppm, as weU as various other metal contaminants (iron, copper, zinc) (18). The presence of these contaminants in a used fluid may require special disposal techniques for the fluids. 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) was enacted in 1976 to identify and control toxic chemical ha2ards to human health and the environment. One of the main provisions of TSCA was to estabUsh and maintain an inventory of all chemicals in commerce in the United States for the purpose of regulating any of the chemicals that might pose an unreasonable risk to human health or the environment. An initial inventory of chemicals was estabhshed by requiring companies to report to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) all substances that were imported, manufactured, processed, distributed, or disposed of in the United States. Over 50,000 chemical substances were reported. PoUowing this initial inventory, introduction of all new chemical substances requires a Premanufacturing Notification (PMN) process. To be included in the PMN are the identity of the new chemical, the estimated first year and maximum production volume, manufacture and process information, a description of proposed use, potential release to the environment, possible human exposure to the new substance, and any health or environmental test data available at the time of submission. In the 10 years that TSCA has been in effect, the USEPA has received over 10,000 PMNs and up to 10% of the submissions each year are for dyes (382)... 

---