Polymers costs

Until the 1960s, reclaimed mbber was an important raw material in molded and extmded mbber products, eg, tires, mbber mats, and hard mbber battery cases. With the advent of vinyl, other plastics, and less expensive oil-extended synthetic polymers, reclaimed mbber sales stabilized and decreased. In 1973, the oil embargo and rising energy costs increased costs of the energy-intensive mbber reclaiming process to the point where they matched virgin polymer costs. Increased radial tire production required crack resistance that could not be provided by reclaimed mbber compounds (46). 

The value that is added during light-and medium-engineering work is larger, and this usually means that the economic constraint on the choice of materials is less severe - a far greater proportion of the cost of the structure is that associated with labour or with production and fabrication. Stainless steels, most alumiruum alloys and most polymers cost between UK 500 and UK 5000 (US 750 and US 7500) per... 

Polymer Cost 3 Viscosity0 (cps). 40 lb/1000 gal Shear0 at 300 rpm Stability Salte Tolerance Acidf Stability Enzyme9 Stability Residue1 in Broken Gel Applications... 

Standardization of the world fiber business on PET guarantees that future fiber technology efforts will remain focused on this polymer. Costs and efficiencies will get better, and other fiber types will be even less competitive. Domination of the PET commodity fiber business by Asian countries will encourage more efforts by Western and Japanese producers to further expand into niche markets with special fiber types, and to further displace natural and other synthetic fibers from their markets. 

In calculating the effect of fillers on costs one must remember that polymers are generally used by volume, while both filler and polymer costs are usually quoted by weight. Most mineral fillers are considerably denser than polymers (usually 2-3 times) and hence their effective cost is considerably higher than appears at first sight. Some idea of the equivalent volume cost for fillers in the main thermoplastic polymers is given in Table 1, using estimated 1996 European price levels. 

T50I(NPG)/PMDA was of particular interest because of its adhesive characteristics, oxidative stability, and polymer cost. Table III shows the improvement in adhesion obtained when various substrates were coated with blends containing this polyester (acid number 39). As indicated in the table, the ease of obtaining adhesion on the different substrates decreased approximately in the following order brass > steel > copper > chrome-coated steel > aluminum > nylon 66 > poly (ethylene terephthalate). In spite of the wide differences in structure and polarity of the various polymers, the carboxylated polyester significantly improved the adhesion of the coatings. 

Middle East the stranded gas advantage Basic hydrocarbons account for 60 to 80 percent of polymer cost, making them by far the most important competitive element in this business. Both natural gas liquids and naphtha have dramatically increased in price, affecting Western companies, which crack these feedstocks ... 

The significant growth of SBC is the direct result of its remarkable versatility. The unique combination of high transparency, good economics and outstanding impact resistance of SBC are a starting point for many clear applications. On top of that, its ability to be used on most types of processing equipment with only minor modifications makes it easy to run at most converters. When SBC themselves may not be the optimum choice for an application, their demonstrated ability to be modified in polymer blends offers additional options. The ability to be blended in both clear and opaque blends allows the manufacturer to optimize both performance characteristics and polymer cost. 

Daqing polymer flooding performance shows that oil rate increased before produced polymer concentration increased. Produced polymer concentrations peaked at 400 to 900 mg/L, approximately half of the injected concentration. As mentioned earlier, the produced water with polymer may be re-injected to save water cost and polymer cost. 

We notice that the main chemical cost is surfactant cost. The alkaline or polymer cost is relatively low. Therefore, we may reduce the amount of surfactant injected to reduce the cost but increase the amount of polymer injected to maximize oil recovery. Table 9.3 shows the results of some optimized cases. 

Fluorocarbon polymers are the most resistant to this type of degradation because the carbon-fluoride bond is extremely stable, with an energy on the order of 116 kcal/mole, compared to carbon-hydrogen bond energies of 91-98 kcal/mole (3., ). Fluorocarbons are, however, extremely expensive because the monomers are more complicated to synthesize and more dangerous to handle. The polymers cost on the order of 10-20 per pound compared with the most widely used hydrocarbon polymers which can be 1-5 per pound. 

It should be noted that even though heat dissipation is minimised by this technique, the solvent causes other problems. The problems associated with solvents, with the exception of water, are chain transfer to the propagating chain, flammability and toxicity of the solvent, removal of solvent from viscous polymer, cost of solvent, and so on. However, this process remains useful for surface coatings, paints and thin films. In solution condensation polymerisation, the by-product may be insoluble in the medium. This facilitates the polymerisation reaction for higher conversion than in a system where it is soluble in the medium. 

Particulate fillers such as calcium carbonate, carbon black, silica, talc, sawdust, woodflour, slate dust and chopped cotton were originally used in the early plastics as cost-cutting additives, because their cost by weight was lower than that of polymers. One filler manufactmer has recently pubhshed figures suggesting that the addition of 20% of calcium carbonate to a polyolefin polymer can reduce the polymer cost on a weight basis by about 5.7%. The assumption was that the filler costs just over a quarter as much (per tonne) as the polymer. 

Because talc has a specific gravity of 2.78, the addition of talc to polypropylene will increase the specific gravity of the compound. The lower cost of most talc ( 0.20-0.30 per pound), relative to the polymer cost ( 0.53-0.58 per pound, combined with 0.20 per pound compounding costs) will give a lower cost per pound for the compounded material. The higher specific gravity of the compound, however, can result in the cost per volume actually increasing, as shown in Fig. 8.24. 

The main advantage of this technology is that it can process heterogeneous mixed plastics wastes from urban waste into a thermoplastics compound with well accepted physical properties. The product can be obtained with a total processing cost which is today 30-40% of a virgin polymer cost of similar properties. 

Firstly, the process of compounding filler into polymer costs money in the form of capital investment, manpower and energy [1]. In cases where compounding is essential, because other additives such as stabilisers or curatives have to be added to the polymer, then the cost of incorporating a filler is markedly reduced. In these cases, exemplified by elastomers, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and thermosets, the use of fillers is the rule rather than the exception, unlike the case with, say, polyethylene. 

The volume cost of fillers used in the rubber industry is usually below that of the polymers in which they are used. The extremes of cost vary from approximately one-twentieth of the polymer cost to costs that are similar in magnitude to the lower cost, general-purpose rubber grades. 

The fine and resolved vibronic structure of the pyrene emission spectrum coupled with the low water-solubility of this aromatic molecule, make pyrene a cheap, efficient, and polymer-cost effective fluorescent probe for characterizing micellar cores (eg, dielectric constants). 

A cost display should be possible, once application itemised cost data are inputted. The data required for an effluent would include the cost of power at various times of the day, cost of effluent disposal, polymer cost, and cake disposal cost. Other costs that may be included would be, for example, amortisation of capital. The processor would then work out the plant running costs for display, or periodic print out. 

Examining the economics of continuous polymer injection is useful. Let the polymer cost be 1.50/lbm of active polymer. Daily polymer cost is computed below for injection of 200 B/D at a polymer concentration of 300 ppm. 

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