Cystitis causing

Few side effects can be alleviated by the use of antidotes. An example is the prevention of hemorrhagic cystitis caused by cyclophosphamide by the concomitant infusion of mesna. 

Nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals is indicated only for the treatment of acute uncomplicated UTIs (acute cystitis) caused by susceptible strains of E. coli or Staphylococcus saprophyticus in patients 12 years of age and older. 

Urethral syndrome, which affects 20-30% of adult women and may have one of several functional or psychogenic causes, has similar symptoms to cystitis caused by infection (lower urinary tract infection). 

Lomefloxacin, a fluoroquinolone broad-spectrum antibiotic (400 mg p.o. daily for 10 to 14 days), is used in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis caused by Haemophilis influenzae or Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis in uncomphcated urinary tract infections (cystitis) caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, or Staphylococcus saprophyticus, in complicated urinary tract infections caused by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and it is possibly effective against infections caused by Citrobacter diversus or Enterobacter cloacae and for the prophylaxis of infections after transurethral surgical procedures (see also Figure 85). 

This chapter discusses drug s used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) and certain miscellaneous drag > used to relieve the symptoms associated with an overactive bladder (involuntary contractions of the detrusor or bladder muscle). Structures of the urinary system that may be affected include the bladder (cystitis), prostate gland (prostatitis), the kidney, or the urethra (see Pig. 47-1). These drug s also help control the discomfort associated with irritation of the lower urinary tract mucosa caused by infection, trauma, surgery, and endoscopic procedures. 

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by pathogenic microorganisms of one or more structures of the urinary tract. The most common structure affected is the bladder, with the urethra, prostate, and kidney also affected (see Pig. 47-1). Display 47-1 identifies the disorder most frequently associated with each of these structures within the urinary system. Clinical manifestations of a UTI of the bladder (cystitis) include urgency, frequency, burning and pain on urination, and pain caused by spasm in the region of the bladder and the suprapubic area. 

Escherichia coli is a cause of enteritis in young infants and the young of farm animals, where it can cause diarrhoea and fatal dehydration. It is a common infectant ofthe urinary tract and bladder in humans, and is a cause of pyelitis, pyelonephritis and cystitis. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 1238-1239.) Remission maintenance can be carried out by combination therapy, which includes cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis. Doxorubicin and carmustine are useful in the treatment of acute lymphatic leukemia, but neither is known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis. 

Symptoms of exposure Ingestion, skin contact, or inhalation of vapors can cause acute hemorrhagic cystitis, dyspnea, ataxia, dysuria, and hematuria (Patnaik, 1992)... 

It is used for pyelonephritis, cystitis, pneumonia, pleural empyema, peritonitis, sepsis, meningitis, purulent skin and soft tissue infections, infected wounds, bums, and so on, which are caused by microorganisms that are sensitive to the dmg. Gentamicin is the dmg of choice for severe bacterial infections caused by undetermined stimuli. Synonyms of this drug are garamycin, gentacylin, ribomycin, and many others. 

Urinary tract infections Urinary tract infections (complicated and uncomplicated), including pyelonephritis and cystitis (initial and recurrent) caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter sp., and Serratia marcescens. 

Dimethyl Sulfoxide [DMSO] (Rimso-50) [GU Agent] Uses Interstitial cystitis Action Unknown Dose Intravesical, 50 mL, retain for 15 min repeat q2wk until relief Caution [C, ] Contra Component sensitivity Disp Soln SE Cystitis, eosinophilia, GI, taste disturbance Interactions -1-Effects OF sulindac EMS May cause garlic/onion taste in mouth OD Acute effects unlikely... 

Mesna (Mesnex) [Uroprotectant/Antidote] Uses Prevent hem-orrhagic cystitis d/t ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide Action Antidote, reacts w/ acrolein and other metabolites to form stable compounds Dose Per protocol dose as % of ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide dose Oral 20% IV dose at 0, 4, 8 h (mix w/ juice) Caution [B /—] Contra Thiol sensitivity Disp Inj, tabs SE -i- BP, allergic Rxns, HA, GI upset, taste p v sion EMS Antidote for two antineoplastic drugs (ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide) OD May cause D, muscle tremors, SOB, bluish skin color, and Szs symptomatic and supportive... 

The anti-cancer drug cyclophosphamide causes cystitis. This drug may be essential in the patients treatment so a second drug is always given to relieve or avoid this common reaction. 

Cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide cause urothelial toxicity (haemorrhagic cystitis) which is caused by metabolite acrolein. Mesna reacts with this metabolites in the urinary tract to prevent toxicity and is used in prevention of toxicity to the urinary passage caused by oxazaphosphorins e.g. ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide. 

Cytotoxic Causing disturbance to cellular structure or function often leading to cell death. Cystitis inflammation of the bladder. 

Atropine and other antimuscarinic drugs have been used to provide symptomatic relief in the treatment of urinary urgency caused by minor inflammatory bladder disorders (Table 8-3). However, specific antimicrobial therapy is essential in bacterial cystitis. In the human urinary bladder, M2 and M3 receptors are expressed predominantly with the M3 subtype mediating direct activation of contraction. As in intestinal smooth muscle, the M2 subtype appears to act indirectly by inhibiting relaxation by norepinephrine and epinephrine. 

Xiao Ji is not as cold, and its function of cooling blood and stopping bleeding is not as strong as that of Da Ji. It is particularly effective in reducing heat in the Lower-Jiao and in treating bleeding caused by damp-heat in the Lower-Jiao, such as in acute urinary tract infection, cystitis and pyelonephritis. 

Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan and Endoxan) is used in the treatment of Hodgkin s disease, lymphosarcoma, and other lymphomas. It is employed as a secondary drug in patients with acute leukemia and in combination with doxorubicin in women with breast cancer. A drug combination effective in the treatment of breast cancer is cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil, and prednisone (CMFP). Cyclophosphamide is also an immunosuppressive agent. The toxicity of cyclophosphamide causes alopecia, bone marrow depression, nausea and vomiting, and hemorrhagic cystitis. 

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