Cyclamate sweetness

Other Sweeteners. Two other sweeteners, sucralose and cyclamates, are approved for use outside of the United States. Sucralose, a chlorinated derivative of sucrose which is 500—600 times as sweet as sugar, has received limited approval in Canada, and petitions for its approval are pending in the United States and Europe (71). Cyclamate sweeteners, once available in the United States, but now baimed because they caused bladder cancer in animals, are stiU available in Canada and Europe. Table 7 gives several examples of nonnutritive sweeteners that have been developed. 

Saccharin imparts a sweetness that is pleasant at the onset but is followed by a lingering, bitter aftertaste. Sensitivity to this bitterness varies from person to person. At high concentration, however, most people can detect the rather unpleasant aftertaste. Saccharin is synergistic with other sweeteners of different chemical classes. For example, saccharin—cyclamate, saccharin—aspartame, saccharin—sucralose, and saccharin—aUtame combinations all exert synergy to various degrees. The blends, as a rule, exhibit less aftertaste than each of the component sweeteners by themselves. 

Abbott Laboratories, which has conducted additional toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with cyclamate, a 10 1 mixture of cyclamate—saccharin, and cyclohexylamine, claimed to be unable to confirm the 1969 findings. Abbott then filed a food additive petition for cyclamate in 1973, which was denied by the FDA in 1980. In 1982, the Calorie Control Council and Abbott Laboratories filed a second food additive petition containing the results of additional safety studies (73). That petition was stiU pending as of 1996. Cyclamate is, however, allowed for use in any or all three categories, ie, food, beverage, and tabletop, in about 50 countries. Sweet n Low, known in the United States as a saccharin-based table-top sweetener, contains exclusively cyclamate in Canada. 

Cyclamate is about 30 times (8% sucrose solution sweetness equivalence) more potent than sugar. Its bitter aftertaste is minor compared to saccharin and acesulfame-K. The mixture of cyclamate and saccharin, especially in a 10 1 ratio, imparts both a more rounded taste and a 10—20% synergy. Cyclamate (6) is manufactured by sulfonation of cyclohexylamine (7). Many reagents can be used, including sulfamic acid, salts of sulfamic acid, and sulfur trioxide (74—77). 

Hi) Sulfamates.—The two most well known sweet compounds in this class are cyclamate (9) and saccharin (10). Considerable structural modifications have been recorded, and their tastes ascertained. 

Its freely water-soluble calcium salt (patented 1957) was a much-used and very effective sweetener, as was the sodium salt, whose sweetness was first noted in 1937 cyclamic acid is ineffective as it is essentially insoluble in aqueous media. 

Most of the food and feed additives are commoditized. This is also the case for the artificial sweeteners. The main products are Saccharin (550), Aspartame (Canderel, 200), Acesulfam K (Sunnett, 200), and Cyclamate (35). The figures in brackets are the sweetness intensity, whereby sucrose = 1. Sucra-lose, discovered in the 1980s by Tate Lyle, now taken over by Johnson Johnson s formidable marketing machine, is enjoying a revival as Spenda. 

Sweet Taste. The mechanism of sweetness perception has been extensively studied because of its commercial importance. Many substances that vary in chemical structure have been discovered which are similar to the taste of sucrose. Commercial sweeteners include sucralose, acesulfame-K, saccharin, aspartame, cyclamate (Canada) and the protein thaumatin 4), Each sweetener is unique in its perceived sensation because of the time to the onset of sweetness and to maximum sweetness, ability to mask other sensations, persistence, aftertaste and intensity relative to sucrose [TABLE IT. For example, the saccharides, sorbitol and... 

Cyclamate. Group name for synthetic, nonnutritive sweeteners derived from cyclohexylamine or cyclamic acid. The senes includes sodium, potassium, and calcium cydamates. Cyclamates occur as white crystals, or as white crystalline powders. They are odorless and in dilute solution are about 30 times as sweet as sucrose. The purity of commercially available compounds is approximately 98%. 

Cyclamate (952) 30 (30-140) Slow onset, persistent sweet-sour aftertaste sac, asp, ace, suer, ali, stev Good Na-salt 200 g/L, 20°C Stable pH 2-io Good 0-11 ascyclamic acid (1982)... 

Saccharin is about 300 times sweeter than sucrose. However, it has a bitter and metallic aftertaste that limits its use singly (Table 1). This aftertaste can be overcome by blending with other sweeteners. A mixture of saccharin with cyclamate (1 10) produces desirable sweetness. Saccharin has a slow onset of sweetness that gradually builds to a maximum intensity and then persists. Relative sweetness is affected by concentration, acidity, temperature, and type of food and flavor (3-5,8,9,58). 

C6H,3N03S and a molecular weight of 179.24. Cyclamates are 30 - 60 times sweeter than sucrose (Table 1). Its sweetness has a slow onset and persists for a period of time. A sweet-sour lingering aftertaste may be detected at high concentrations. It has the advantage of being sweeter when mixed with saccharin and of overcoming the bitterness of saccharin. The blend has a sweetness profile similar to that of sucrose (3,8,9,12,57). 

Alitame [L- -aspartyl-/V-(2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-3-thioethanyl)-D-alaninamide] is an amino acid-based sweetener developed by Pfizer from L-aspartic acid, D-alanine, and an amine 2,2,4,4-tetraethylthioethanyl amine (Fig. 1). Its formula is CI4H2504N3S with a molecular weight of 331.06. It is produced under the brand name Aclame . It is a crystalline, odorless, nonhygro-scopic powder that is soluble in water (130 g/L at pH 5.6) and alcohol and significantly more stable than aspartame (Table 1). Alitame is 2000 times as sweet as sucrose and has a clean, sweet taste, with no unpleasant aftertaste. It blends with other sweeteners, such as acesulfame-K, saccharin, and cyclamate, to maximize the quality of sweetness (3,7-9). 

Sucralose, 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-/3-o-fructofuranosyl 4-chloro-4-deoxy-o -D-galacto-pyra-noside or 4,1, 6 -trichloro-4,l, 6 -trideoxy-ga/acfo-sucrose (Fig. 1), is a chlorinated derivative of sucrose discovered in 1976 and marketed under the brand name Splenda . Its chemical formula is C 2H 908C13 (MW 397.35). It is a white, odorless, crystalline powder that is soluble in water (280 g/L at 20°C), methanol, and ethanol. Sucralose is 400-800 times sweeter than sucrose (Table 1). It has a clean, sugarlike taste and a time-intensity profile much like that of sucrose, although more persistent. It has no bitter or any other objectionable aftertaste. It is a flavor enhancer. It shows sweetness synergism with cyclamate, acesulfame-K, and neohesperidin dihy-drochalcone (8,25,57,86). 

The taste profile of aspartame is similar to sucrose sweetness (Ripper et al., 1985). It is approximately 200 times as sweet as sucrose. It is synergistic with saccharin, cyclamate, stevioside, acesulfame K and many sugars, in particular fructose, but has little sweetness intensity synergy with sucralose. 

With the general name of cyclohexylsulphamate, this sweetener was discovered in 1937 by Michael Sveda at the University of Illinois. The sodium salt is the most commonly used form. It is a white crystalline salt with good solubility. The relative sweetness of cyclamate is comparatively low, at approximately 35, in most food systems (Bakal, 1983). The taste quality of cyclamate as a sole sweetener has a slow onset time and can have a sweet/sour aftertaste at high concentrations (Franta et al., 1986). Sweetness quality is greatly unproved in combination with other sweeteners. Cyclamate is synergistic with acesulfame K (Von Rymon Lipinsky, 1985), aspartame (Searle, 1971), saccharin (Von Rymon Lipinsky, 1987) and sucralose (Tate Lyle Pic, 2002). 

Cyclamate is permitted for use in over 25 countries. JECFA tripled the ADI of cyclamate to 0-11 mg/kg bw in 1982. In 2001, this was reduced to 0-7 mg/kg bw due to concerns regarding overconsumption by some population groups. The EU maximum use level in soft drinks is 250 mg/1. Therefore, cyclamate can contribute only a relatively small proportion of the total sweetness of a soft drink. 

The sweetness quality of sucralose is similar to that of sucrose. Sucralose exhibits synergism with acesulfame K, cyclamate, saccharin and stevioside (Tate Lyle Pic, 1985a, 1986). It is not synergistic with sucrose and shows little sweetness intensity synergy with aspartame. However, the sweetness quality of sucralose can be improved in cola by blending with aspartame (Tate Lyle Pic, 1985b). 

A first requirement for a substance to produce a taste is that it be water soluble. The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its taste is more easily established than that between structure and smell. In general, all acid substances are sour. Sodium chloride and other salts are salty, but as constituent atoms get bigger, a bitter taste develops. Potassium bromide is both salty and bitter, and potassium iodide is predominantly bitter. Sweetness is a property of sugars and related compounds but also of lead acetate, beryllium salts, and many other substances such as the artificial sweeteners saccharin and cyclamate. Bitterness is exhibited by alkaloids such as quinine, picric acid, and heavy metal salts. 

The chemical structure of the most important nonnutritive sweeteners is shown in Figure 11-4. Saccharin is available as the sodium or calcium salt of orthobenzosulfimide. The cyclamates are the sodium or calcium salts of cyclohexane sulfamic acid or the acid itself. Cyclamate is 30 to 40 times sweeter than sucrose, and about 300 times sweeter than saccharin. Organoleptic comparison of sweetness indicates that the medium in which the sweetener is tasted may affect the results. There is also a concentration effect. At higher concentrations, the sweetness intensity of the synthetic sweeteners increases at a lower rate than that which occurs with sugars. This has been ascribed to the bitter-... 

Cyclamate, sodium (= Hexylsulfamate, sodium)] (alicyclic sulfamate) Synthetic Sweet (30X >sucrose)... 

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