Sweeteners, artificial saccharin

Examine the structures oisucrose, the natural sweetener, and saccharin, sodium cyclamate and aspartame (Nutrasweet), three of the most common artificial sweeteners. What, if any, structural features do these molecules have in common Compare electrostatic potential maps for the different sweeteners. Are there any significant features in common Based on yom findings, do you think it is likely that entirely different artifical sweeteners might be discovered Explain. 

Artificial sweeteners and saccharin (1977, US) High doses of the artificial sweetener had caused bladder cancer in lab rats... 

Ingredients Carbonated water. Concentrated fruit juices (pineapple, grapefruit) (5% when reconstituted). Citric acid. Acidity regulator (sodium citrate). Artificial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin). Flavourings. Preservative (sodium benzoate). Antioxidants (ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate). Colour (lutein)... 

The sweeteners used in soft drinks can be divided into two main categories. These are the natural sweeteners, such as sucrose, invert syrups, corn-derived syrups and honey, and the high-intensity sweeteners (artificial sweeteners) such as saccharin, aspartame and acesulfame K. In most fruit juices and many soft drinks, except diet vaiieties, sugars are a major component of the product. 

Artificial sweeteners are use to sweeten food or drink without adding calories. Examples of artificial sweeteners are saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame K. 

RPLC with MS detection was used for the analysis of seven artificial sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame-K, neotame, sucralose, cyclamate, and alitame) and one natural sweetener (stevioside). Samples were extracted using methanokwater and injected without any cleanup into the LC—MS system. Separation is carried out using a Cis column and gradient elution. Sweeteners were quantified using selective-ionization recording (SIR) at m/z 178, 397, 377, 293, 641, 312, 162, and 182 for cyclamate, sucralose, neotame, aspartame, stevioside, alitame, acesulfame-K, and saccharin, respectively, with a warfarin sodium m/z = 307) used as an internal standard [24]. For a detailed discussion of other analytical methods to determine artificial sweeteners, refer to [25]. 

One of the first artificial sweeteners was saccharin, first produced in 1878. When it started to become popular, the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) investigated its safety. However, Harvey Wiley, director of the bureau of chemistry for the USDA thought it might... 

Numerous naturally occurring chemicals have a sweet taste. Man, too, can create chemicals which have a sweet taste. Examples of artificial sweeteners include saccharin and aspartame— products of the laboratory. Generally, artificial sweeteners impart sweetness without adding calories. 

Saccharin was discovered at Johns Hopkins Uni versity in 1879 in the course of research on coal tar derivatives and is the oldest artificial sweetener In spite of Its name which comes from the Latin word for sugar saccharin bears no structural relationship to any sugar Nor is saccharin itself very soluble in wa ter The proton bonded to nitrogen however is fairly acidic and saccharin is normally marketed as its water soluble sodium or calcium salt Its earliest applications were not in weight control but as a... 

The artificial sweeteners erythritol, sodium saccharin, and aspartame (Fig. 25) were also studied. Figure 26 shows potential oscillation in the presence of these artificial sweeteners [22]. The oscillation modes of these substances differed considerably. For erythritol above 10 mM, Fa.sds slightly shifted to more negative potentials. and Fb.sds were essentially unaffected by this sweetener. Erythritol thus induces change in the oscillation mode in much the same way as sugars. At 1 mM-1 M sodium saccharin, E and Fa.sds shifted to more negative values with increase in its concentration. For aspartame at less than 10 mM, there was no change in potential. 

Chen et al. (1997a) analysed sodium saccharin in soft drinks, orange juice and lemon tea after filtration by injection into an ion-exclusion column with detection at 202 nm. Recoveries of 98-104% were obtained. They reported that common organic acids like citric and malic and other sweeteners did not interfere. Qu et al. (1999) determined aspartame in fruit juices, after degassing and dilution in water, by IC-PAD. The decomposition products of aspartame, aspartic acid and phenylanaline were separated and other sweeteners did not interfere. The recoveries of added aspartame were 77-94%. Chen et al. (1997b) separated and determined four artificial sweeteners and citric acid. 

This technique has been established for many years particularly for water, soil and feeding-stuff analysis, where a large number of analyses are required for quality control or monitoring purposes. A number of applications have been published for food additives including aspartame (Fatibello et al., 1999), citric acid (Prodromidis et al., 1997), chloride, nitrite and nitrate (Ferreira et al., 1996), cyclamates (Cabero et al., 1999), sulphites (Huang et al., 1999 AOAC Int, 2000), and carbonate, sulphite and acetate (Shi et al., 1996). Yebra-Biumm (2000) reviewed the determination of artificial sweeteners (saccharin, aspartame and cyclamate) by flow injection. 

Abstract Aspartame (Apt), Acesulfame-K (Ace-K) and Saccharin (Sac), low-calorie, high-potency artificial sweeteners are currently used in carbonated beverages, dietary food and drinks. Their increased apphcation in food and drink products has given a new impetus to develop fast and accurate methods for their determination. Absorption spectra of Apt, Ace-K and Sac strongly overlap. Therefore a direct determination of these analytes in ternary mixture is impossible without a separation step. In order to overcome this difficulty partial least squares (PLS) method has been proposed. 

Millions of organic compounds have now been synthesised from simpler materials. These substances include many that also occur in nature, such as vitamin C, as well as entirely new compounds. Some, such as cubane, are largely of theoretical Interest and give chemists the opportunity to study special kinds of bonding and reactivity. Others, such as the artificial sweetener saccharin and the drug aspirin have become a part of everyday life. 

The artificial sweetener cyclamate was banned because of a study linking it to bladder cancer in rats when large doses were fed. At least 20 subsequent studies have failed to confirm this result but cyclamate remains banned. In 1977 saccharin was found to cause cancer in rats. It was banned by the FDA temporarily, but Congress placed a moratorium on this ban because of public pressure. In 1992 it was found that saccharin may cause cancer in rats but not in humans. Saccharin is still available today. A more recent sweetener, aspartame (Nutrasweef ), has also come under attack but has not been proven to be a problem since its introduction in 1981. 

The enthalpy of formation of the corresponding sulfonamide (more commonly known as the artificial sweetener, saccharin) has also been measured, M. A. R. Matos, M. S. Miranda, V. M. F. Morais and J. F. Liebman, Mol. Phys., 103, 221 (2005). 

Artificial sweeteners Acesulfame-K, aspartame, cyclamate, saccharine, sucralose... 

Most of the food and feed additives are commoditized. This is also the case for the artificial sweeteners. The main products are Saccharin (550), Aspartame (Canderel, 200), Acesulfam K (Sunnett, 200), and Cyclamate (35). The figures in brackets are the sweetness intensity, whereby sucrose = 1. Sucra-lose, discovered in the 1980s by Tate Lyle, now taken over by Johnson Johnson s formidable marketing machine, is enjoying a revival as Spenda. 

Artificial sweeteners such as sorbitol saccharin is used as synthetic sweetening agent which is more palatable having no food value and can be used by diabetic patients. 

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