Nitrate reducers

In the manufacture of explosives, sodium nitrate is used mainly in blasting agents. In slurries and emulsions, sodium nitrate improves stabiUty and sensitivity. It also improves the energy balance because sodium nitrate replaces water, so that more fuel can be added to the formulation. Sodium nitrate reduces crystal size of slurries, which in turn increases detonating speed. In dynamites sodium nitrate is used as an energy modifier. Typical content of sodium nitrate is 20—50 wt % in dynamites, 5—30 wt % in slurries, and 5—15 wt % in emulsions. Sodium nitrate is used also in permissible dynamites, a special type of dynamite for coal (qv) mining. 

Nitrat, n. nitrate, -atze,/. (Dy iVi ) nitrate discharge. -beize,/. (Dyeing) nitrate mordant. Nitration,/, nitration. — n. nitrate ion. Nitrat-kunstseide, -seide, /. nitrocellulose rayon, nitrate rayon, nitratreduzierend, a. nitrate-reducing. 

Kinetic studies with benzene in acetic anhydride containing 0.4-2 M nitric acid at 25 °C show the reaction to be first-order in benzene and approximately second-order in nitric acid this falls to first-order in nitric acid on addition of sulphuric acid, which also increases the first-order rate coefficient (first-order in benzene) from 4.5 x 10-4 to 6.1 x 10 4. By contrast the addition of as little as 0.001 M sodium nitrate reduced the rate to 0.9 x 10-4 without affecting the kinetic order70. These results were, therefore, interpreted as nitration by nitronium ion via equilibria (21a) and (22). 

Only a few studies have been undertaken on the role of bacteria in nitrosation at neutral pH in the Intestinal tract itself. Hashimoto al. (9 ) demonstrated that by changing the equilibrium between different species of microorganisms in the gut, (by administration of antibiotics and inoculation with nitrate-reducing strains) dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) accumulated in the stomach and cecum of rats fed dlmethylamine (DMA) and nitrate. The authors describe only one experimental group, however, and the mechanism of NDMA formation is not clear. 

Gorny N, G Wahl, A Brune, B Schink (1992) A strictly anaerobic nitrate-reducing bacterium growing with resorcinol and other aromatic compunds. Arch Microbiol 158 48-53. 

Bregnard TP-A, A Haner, P Hohener, J Zeyer (1997) Anaerobic degradation of pristane in nitrate-reducing microcosms and Qmichme,ntca t jxe. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2077-2081. 

Ulrich AC, HR Beller, EA Edwards (2005) Metabolites detected during biodegradation of RCg-benzene in nitrate-reducing and methanogenic enrichment cultures. Environ Sci Technol 39 6681-6691. 

Slreploinyces species Chitin or cellulose utilization Denitrifying or nitrate-reducing bacteria... 

Enzymes modified with N -carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) include horseradish peroxidase 761 /1-lactamase after nitration and reduction,[771 lysozyme, and urease.[781 Ref. [77] describes how the tyrosine side chain of a protein was nitrated, reduced with dithionite to an amino group, and then treated with CDI or A/-(2,2,2-trifluoro-ethoxycarbonyl)imidazole to give the benzoxazolinonyl alanine moiety ... 

Third, a poly[bis(phenoxy)phosphazene] has been coated on porous alumina particles, surface nitrated, reduced to the amino-derivative, and then coupled to the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or trypsin by means of glutaric dialdehyde. The immobilized enzymes were more stable than their counterparts in solution, and they could be used in continuous flow enzyme reactor equipment (25). 

De Weert JPA, Vinas M, Grotenhuis T, Rijnaarts HHM, Langenhoff AAM (2011) Degradation of 4-n-nonylphenol under nitrate reducing conditions. Biodegradation 22 175-187... 

Li H., Duncan C., Townend J., Smith L., Kilham K., Johnston P., Dykhuizen R., Kelly D., Golden M., Benjamin N. and Leifert C. (1997). Nitrate reducing bacteria on rat tongues . Appl Environ Microbiol, 63, 924-930. 

Li H., Duncan C., Golden M. and Leifert C. (1999). Identification of nitrate reducing bacteria from the oral cavity of rats and pigs , in Wilson W.S., Ball A.S. and Hinton R.H., Managing Risks of Nitrates to Humans and the Environment, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 259-268. 

The nitrite test can be used to detect the presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria in the urine (such as E. coli). The leukocyte esterase test is a rapid dipstick test to detect pyuria. 

Nitramine production, 17 164 Nitrate analysis, of water, 26 38 Nitrated products, as explosives, 17 162 Nitrate ore bed, 22 844 Nitrate-reducing conditions, defined, 3 757t... 

It is made from /7-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid, which may be prepared either by straight forward methods from phenol or from / -aminophcnylarsonic acid. The resulting compound obtained from either of these reactions is nitrated, reduced and the base is finally acetylated to afford acetarsol. 

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