Cultivation human viruses

Human viruses Cultivation of human viruses 13 Further reading... 

The cultivation of viruses from material taken from lesions is an important step in the diagnosis of many viral diseases. Studies of the basic biology and multiplication processes of human viruses also require that they are grown in the laboratory under experimental conditions. Human pathogenic viruses can be propagated in three types of cell systems. 

Enders, J.,T. Weller, and F. Robbins, Cultivation of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in cultures of various human embryonic tissues. Science, 1949.109 85-7. 

John F. Ender (1897-1985), Thomas H. Weller (1915- ), and Frederick C. Robbins (1916- ) publish Cultivation of Polio Viruses in Cultures of Human Embryonic Tissues. The report by Enders and coworkers is a landmark in establishing techniques for the cultivation of poliovirus in cultures on non-neural tissue and for further virus research. The technique leads to the polio vaccine and other advances in virology. 

In a similar way, sarcoma growth factors (SGFs e.g. ESG) can be obtained by the serum-free cultivation of murine sarcoma virus transformed 3T3 cells or transformed rat kidney cells. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is produced in excess by the human melanoma cell line A375 and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is secreted by fibrosarcoma cells (Todaro et al., 1979). 

Cell culture is the predominant and indispensable tool for virus isolation and cultivation infectivity assays and vaccine production and testing. Although some viruses are more easily isolated in animals and embryonated eggs, the modem era of virology only began when Enders et al. (1949) showed that poliovirus was able to reproduce in various kinds of human embryonic cells in culture whereas in vivo its multiplication is largely restricted to the neurons in the grey column of the spinal cord. 

This is a widely studied cell line derived from a human cervix adenocarcinoma (Gey et al, 1952). The cells are epithelial-like in morphology and are susceptible to polio virus type 1 and adenovirus type 3. HeLa cells are used for the expression of recombinant proteins, including mouse metallothionein 1 gene, human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and hepatitis B surface antigen. They have been widely used as an in vitro model system because of the ease with which they can be cultivated but one drawback of this is that the cell line has been responsible for widespread contamination of other cell lines (Nelson-Rees et al, 1981). 

Human diploid cell lines have been utilized classically as in vitro hosts for the propagation of polio, mumps, rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster, rabies, hepatitis A, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and many other viruses. Other uses in the biotechnology industry include large-scale cultivation for the production of various cellular products, such as human interferon beta. 

Many studies have been devoted to this purposes i.e., (1) Sterilization of environments (virus, bacteria, and the other microbes) (2) Sterilization of them in the presence of human cells, bodies, or the other living things that are cultivated like plants, vegetables, fishes, shells, and shrimps or purifications of HIV or HIC in... 

Institute of Plant Genetics and Cultivated Plant Research in Gatersleben Human papillomavirus (HPV), Type 16 virus-like particles, spider silk, single chain antibodies 146-151... 

The NV is a human calicivims and contains a single-stranded RNA genome.Particles of NV have T=3 icosahedral symmetry with an approximate outer diameter of 38 nm and an average inner diameter of the central cavity that ranges from 20-29 nm. These virions contain 180 molecules of identical capsid protein (56.6 kl/)a each), which has two principle domains, S and P. linked by a flexible hinge.These viruses arc difficult to cultivate in tissue culture systems or animals,"" making them difficult to study, and this factor limits their use as nanosynthctic reaction vessels. 

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