Crustaceans crustacean diseases

PCR testing is performed by USDA- and OlE-certified laboratories for crustacean diseases. 

The global crustacean aquaculture industry is worth more than US 10 billion. A growing number of crustacean species (including crabs, lobsters and prawns) are intensively farmed, and increased production and movement of live products have led to the emergence of several internationally important crustacean diseases. In the past 15 years losses due to disease have been estimated to be in the region of 15 billion, of which 60% of losses were attributed to viruses and 20% to bacteria (Flegel et al., 2008). 

European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases Cefas Weymouth Laboratory is the designated European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Crustacean Diseases. http //www.crustaceancrl. eu/... 

Des Roza Z, Koesharyani I, Johnny F and Yuasa K (1998), Manual for Fish Diseases Diagnosis Marine fish and crustacean diseases in Indonesia. Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries, PO Box 140 Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia. 

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY REFERENCE LABORATORY (2008), European Community Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases leaflet White Spot Disease, available from http //www.crustaceancrl.eu/diseasesAVhiteSpot.pdf [accessed 10 October 2011]. 

Table 11.1 OIE listed crustacean diseases as of 2009-2010, recently de-Usted diseases and those being considered for listing (OIE 2009a, 2010)...

Human foods that are particularly rich in copper (20 to 400 mg Cu/kg) include oysters, crustaceans, beef and lamb livers, nuts, dried legumes, dried vine and stone fruits, and cocoa (USEPA 1980). In humans, copper is present in every tissue analyzed (Schroeder et al. 1966). A 70-kg human male usually contains 70 to 120 mg of copper (USEPA 1980). The brain cortex usually contains 18% of the total copper, liver 15%, muscle 33%, and the remainder in other tissues — especially the iris and choroid of the eye. Brain gray matter (cortex) has significantly more copper than white matter (cerebellum) copper tends to increase with increasing age in both cortex and cerebellum. In newborns, liver and spleen contain about 50% of the total body burden of copper (USEPA 1980). Liver copper concentrations were usually elevated in people from areas with soft water (Schroeder et al. 1966). Elevated copper concentrations in human livers are also associated with hepatic disease, tuberculosis, hypertension, pneumonia, senile dementia, rheumatic heart disease, and certain types of cancer (Schroeder et al. 1966). 

In 1957, Schwartz and associates showed that the toxic element selenium was also a nutritional factor essential for prevention of the death of liver cells in rats.527 Liver necrosis would be prevented by as little as 0.1 ppm of selenium in the diet. Similar amounts of selenium were shown to prevent a muscular dystrophy called "white muscle disease" in cattle and sheep grazing on selenium-deficient soil. Sodium selenite and other inorganic selenium compounds were more effective than organic compounds in which Se had replaced sulfur. Keshan disease, an often fatal heart condition that is prevalent among childen in Se-deficient regions of China, can be prevented by supplementation of the diet with NaSe03.528 Even the little crustacean "water flea" Daphnia needs 0.1 part per billion of Se in its water.529... 

Arthropods are organisms characterized by exoskeletons and segmented bodies such as crustaceans, insects and arachnids. They are the most diverse and widely distributed animals on the planet. Many arthropod species serve as carriers of bacterial and viral diseases, as intermediate hosts for protozoan and helminth parasites, and as parasites themselves. 

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