Farming intensive

A further aspect that may add to the development work relates to the method of administration. In addition to the standards methods of administration associated with human medicines, veterinary medicines may be introduced to animals through medicated feeds. Such practices have been most commonly associated with the use of antibiotics or other substances to enhance animal performance under intensive farming systems. The use of medicated feeds has been phased out in Europe since the end of 2005, with the exception of coccidiostats and histomonostats intended to kill or inhibit protozoa. In the U SA, however, medicated feeds are still commonplace. Thus, the developer may have to consider the stability and appropriate labelling of the drug when compounded into medicated feeds. 

Safety of meat products produced by intensive farming methods... 

Migliore L, BrambiUa G, CozzoUno S, Gaudio L (1995) Effect on plants of sulphadimethoxine used in intensive farming (Panicum mdiaceum, Pisum sativum and Zea mays). Agric Ecosyst Environ 52 103-110... 

The aroma compounds from the tropical fruits described in this chapter can be very important for consumers and industry as they are exotic and extremely pleasant however, the production of these compounds by biotechnological processes should be emphasised since the extraction from the fruits is a hard task. Many tropical soils contain less nitrogen and phosphorus, have lower capacity to absorb fertilisers, and therefore have lower conventional productive capacity, but some tropical soils have been very intensively farmed and further intensification is possible in other areas. Thus, the evaluation of a sustainable agriculture in tropical regions requires a sophisticated approach including the estimation of the risk of microbial or insect infestations. As many fruits go directly to fresh markets or to immediate processing, a continuing supply of the flavour manufacturers in the future is not completely assured. 

With modem methods of intensive farming in which nitrate-based fertilisers are employed, there has been a noticeable increase in nitrate levels from aquifers lying beneath agricultural land. The recommended limit for nitrate has been given as 50 mg/1 by the World Health Organization (WHO). The principal health risk of nitrates involves a condition seen in infants known as methaemoglobinaemia. 

Lake Ontario is much deeper than its upstream neighbor, having an average depth of 86 meters and a water residence time of 6 years. Major Canadian urban industrial centers, such as Hamilton and Toronto, Ontario, are located on its shore. The southern (U.S.) shore of Lake Ontario is less urbanized and is not intensively farmed, except for a narrow band along the... 

Organic agriculture is a know-how-intensive farming method. To be competitive, organic farmers need to experiment with new techniques, and must manage land, labour, capital and innovations quite differently from conventional farmers. How can research and development improve access for small farmers to this know-how and to specific inputs, such as seeds and biological methods of pest control ... 

Fushiwaki Y, Tase N, Saeki A et al (1990) Pollution by the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene in an intensive farming area in Japan. Sci Total Environ 92 55-67... 

Facilities for handling liquid ammonia from points of production to points of use are highly developed in the United States. A considerable amount of ammonia is moved hundreds of miles through interstate pipelines. Major pipelines run from points of production in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana oil fields all the way to the intensively farmed mid-western area of the United States. Storage at the points of production and at large terminals sometimes is in pressurized vessels (spheres), but more often it is at atmospheric pressure in large, insulated, refrigerated vessels. 

Biogenic sources of NO are generally too small to contribute signihcantly to pollution events. Biogenic emissions represent —5% of total NO emissions in the USA (compared to 50% of total VOCs) (Williams et al, 1992). Biogenic NO emissions can be important in intensively farmed regions, where soil emission of NO is enhanced by heavy use of fertilizers. 

At the same period, about 160 miles eastward, in the Auvergne city of Commentry, a chemical plant named Alimentation Equilibree Commentry (AEC), produced some synthetic food additives such as vitamins, methionine and lysine for the intensive farming of chicken and porks. A spin-off company of AEC named I Equilibre Biologique was then created with the objective to develop some amino-acid derived drugs for human use. The two companies, ATP and TEquilibre Biologique, merged in 1945 under the control of TAlimentation Equilibree. 

Intensive farming can deplete soil of essential nutrients such as magnesium, which then can adversely influence crop quality and yield. The most severe and widespread magnesium-deficient soils in the United States are in the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plains, which therefore require the use of magnesium soil amendments. 

Yards, no matter how small, have become incredibly important havens for wildlife. This is because wild creatures have lost many of their feeding and breeding sites in the countryside—either as a result of intensive farming, which makes widespread use of pesticides, or changes in land use. Some creatures, such as moths and bumblebees, are increasingly reliant on our yards for their survival. 

---