Crash safety

National Transportation Safety Board. Fatigue, alcohol, other drags, and medical factors in fatal-to-the-driver heavy truck crashes. Safety Study NTSB/SS-90/01 Washington, DC NTSB, 1990. 

NHTSA. Crash safety assurance strategies for future plastic and composite intensive vehicles. Cambridge National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2010. 

As an application of the theory discussed earlier, the crash responses of aircraft occupant/stnicture will be presented. To improve aircraft crash safety, conditions critical to occupants survival during a crash must be known. In view of the importance of this problem, studies of post-crash dynamic behavior of victims are necessary in order to reduce severe injuries. In this study, crash dynamics program SOM-LA/TA (Seat Occupant Model - Light Aircraft / Transport Aircraft) was used (13,14]. Modifications were performed in the program for reconstruction of an occupant s head impact with the interior walls or bulkhead. A viscoelastic-type contact force model of exponential form was used to represent the compliance characteristics of the bulkhead. Correlated studies of analytical simulations with impact sled test results were accomplished. A parametric study of the coefficients in the contact force model was then performed in order to obtain the correlations between the coefficients and the Head Injury Criteria. A measure of optimal values for the bulkhead compliance and displacement requirements was thus achieved in order to keep the possibility of a head injury as little as possible. This information could in turn be usm in the selection of suitable materials for the bulkhead, instrument panel, or interior walls of an aircraft. Before introducing the contact force model representing the occupant head impacting the interior walls, descriptions of impact sled test facilities, multibody dynamics and finite element models of the occupant/seat/restraint system, duplication of experiments, and measure of head injury are provided. 

IDtOperations Inspections/Crashes Safety Rating Insurance... 

The more familiar a carrier is with the roadside inspection program, the more benefit that will be derived from the program for the driver, carrier, and the motoring public. After all, the goal of the inspection program is to decrease the possibility of a motor vehicle crash. Safety is the name of the game ... 

The 5 Why s model should be used to determine the root cause of any crash, safety violation occurring on the road, or in-house compliance violation. You may need more than 5 questions to arrive at the reason why an event took place, or you may need less if the root reason is more obvious. Provided below is a template for your personal inquiry into a safety-related violation. 

When heat-electric generating station turbine rotors are under operation there is a probability of forming surface cracks in axial canal and heat grooves. Evolution of the above defects can cause a serious crash. Therefore, in accordance with safety standards periodic inspection of the rotor component parts is required. 

The ASA (now ANSI) performance code for Safety Glazing Materials was revised in 1966 to incorporate these improvements in windshield constmction. The addition of test no. 26 requiring support of a 2.3-kg ball dropped from 3.7 m defined this level of improvement. It was based on a correlation estabUshed between 10-kg, instmmented, head-form impacts on windshields, on 0.6 x 0.9-m flat laminates, and the standard 0.3 x 0.3-m laminate with the 2.3-kg ball (28). Crash cases involving the two windshield interlayer types were matched for car impact speeds and were compared (29). The improved design produced fewer, less extensive, and less severe facial lacerations than those produced in the pre-1966 models. 

Stapp Car Crash Conference series (aimual, 1956 on). Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa. for safety and constmction of automotive glass. 

The lower volatihty of JP-8 is a significant factor in the U.S. Air Force conversion from JP-4, since fires and explosions under both combat and ordinary handling conditions have been attributed to the use of JP-4. In examining the safety aspects of fuel usage in aircraft, a definitive study (15) of the accident record of commercial and military jet transports concluded that kerosene-type fuel is safer than wide-cut fuel with respect to survival in crashes, in-flight fires, and ground fueling accidents. However, the difference in the overall accident record is small because most accidents are not fuel-related. 

A systems crash in the Safety office destroyed work in progress, requiring that much of our data concerning process hazards analysis findings will need to be reconstructed. 

Assessments of the comparative safety of the different modes of transport should take into account both die risk to die public and die risk to terminal operators and tnuisport crew. The transporter may be imohed in a crash or denuhnent drivers may be injured or killed. Thus, die events that can give rise to liazards include container failure, loading and unloading operations, and accident impact. Hazardous materials are moved by ... 

The safety of the ZEBRA battery has been proven extensively by abuse testing overheating, overcharging, short-circuiting of battery terminals and of cell groups, crash tests on the battery itself by dropping it at 50 km h 1 onto a pole or spike, and crash tests of cars with built-in ZEBRA batteries at 50 kmh-1 [10]. The results of abuse testing prove the ZEBRA battery to be a safe battery system. 

Safety Systems. A safety system is provided with built in safety shutdowns and emergency stop buttons. Crash buttons are located in the laser room, the laser table enclosure and the dome. The laser system is tied into the Observatory emergency stop system. Included both in the laser room and on the laser table are surveillance cameras, heat exchangers, alcohol sensors and fire detectors. In addition to personnel safety features, extensive interlocks have been installed in the laser to prevent the operator from inadvertently damaging it. 

Anon., CISHC Chem. Safety Summ., 1974-5, 45—46, 2-3 Two horns after a road tanker had crashed, causing the load of liquid ethylene to leak, one of the tyres of the tanker burst and ignited the spill, eventually causing the whole tanker to explode. The tyre failed because it froze and became embrittled, and it is known that such failure of steel-braced tyres gives off showers of sparks. This could therefore be a common ignition source in cryogenic transportation spillage incidents. 

Applications for physical sensors are dominated by the automotive industry. Engines are monitored and controlled by various sensors, and most cars are equipped with systems to enhance safety for brakes, steering, chassis, and even crashes. Controlling airflow and temperature in the cabin enhances the comfort of drivers. 

Because the primary threat to active security barriers is that vehicles will attempt to crash through them, their most important attributes are their size, strength, and crash resistance. Other important features for an active security barrier are the mechanisms by which the barrier is raised and lowered to allow authorized vehicle entry, and other factors such as weather resistance and safety features. 

Cars are now equipped with several airbags to ensure safety when a crash occurs but there are some drawbacks such as the cost, the volume, which dictates the steering wheel design and limits the capacity of other storage boxes, and the weight. 

It is common for crash investigators to undertake reconstruction of the aircraft wreckage, and this can be exceptionaUy useful in estabhshing the seat of an explosion, if that is what in fact took place. The National Transportation Safety Board in the United States and the United Kingdom Air Accident Investigation Branch have both done some exceptionaUy fine work of this type. 

Weir, A. Concorde Crash Raises Questions without Answers. Journal of System Safety, System Safety Society. Second Quarter 2001. 

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that over 200,000 automobile crashes are caused by drowsy drivers every year, resulting in over 1,500 deaths, 70,000 injuries, and an estimated 12.5 billion in lost productivity and property loss. The National Sleep Foundation s 2002 Sleep in America poll showed that over half of Americans said they have driven while feeling drowsy, and approximately 17% said they had actually fallen asleep while driving. ... 

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