Mission costing

In some cases, the desire to avoid an unnecessary oil change or simply to extend oil drain intervals is an important objective, resulting in reduced lubricant consumption and associated costs. Mission criteria should also influence those machines that should be sampled, the frequency of lubricant analysis, and the types of tests that are conducted. Some machines are more operationally critical than others. They deserve more resources from maintenance technologies. The likelihood that failure will occur and specific challenges (high temperature, risk of contamination, etc.) faced by the lubricant are also factors that influence the type of lubricant analysis and the sampling frequency decision. 

Reducing development cycle time and cost and increasing launch rates for NASA spacecraft. This relates to the Agency goals to develop lower cost missions to characterize the Earth system and chart the evolution of the universe and solar system and to improve shuttle safety and efficiency ... 

Established in 1946, with a subscribed capital fund of 7.67 million, the primary mission of the World Bank is to combat poverty by securing low cost funding for sustainable development. The largest shareholder is the U.S., followed by the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, and Eranee. 

Other problems of working together include lack of a common mission, commitment, and costs of group decision making. 

R D. Returning to our examples, The R D lab, contributes to the long term profitability of the firm (rather than the short term cash flow) by developing and perfecting products and processes. While controlling the costs of R D as a whole is important, the speed at which a specific analytical test can be completed is less important than the speed and success at which a project as a whole can be completed. This relates to the effectiveness of the lab at its overall mission. The ability of a R D lab to quickly and successfully develop products and/or processes and if necessary to protect them through patent actions, may ultimately impact the firm s market share and its profitability. 

Having taken an overview of where benefits of LIMS may originate, and how they may differ depending on the mission of the lab using the LIMS, let us consider what these systems may actually cost. 

The SP-ablator allows higher aerodynamic loads with lower surface/mass ratio for heat shields, and should be ideally suited for moon, mars, or other interplanetary return missions. These shields are also suitable for cost-effective flight models of winged reentry capsules. A large application potential can be seen for nozzles and combustion chambers or housings of rocket engines. Dornier plans to manufacture a heat shield for the Mirka capsule one meter in diameter. The C/SiC-cover will be fabricated in one piece. 

The level of the information flow boils down to a purely technical level where the partners agree on common protocols for transferring data. For the chemical industry, an initiative to set uniform standards is CIDX. CIDX (http //www.cidx.org) is a trade association and standards body whose mission is to improve the ease, speed and cost of conducting business electronically between chemical companies and their trading partners. It provides the Chem eStandards, a collection of defined messages and related business process guidance that companies use to understand the requests and fulfill electronic business orders and related transactions. 

The Cancer Council Victoria is an independent, volunteer-based charity whose mission is to lead, coordinate, implement and evaluate action to minimise the human cost of cancer for all Victorians. ... 

Finding or producing a clean source of hydrogen is just one of the difficulties fuel cell researchers face. The previous sections of this chapter have discussed why fuel cells are desirable and how they have proven their reliability in the Apollo missions and elsewhere, but numerous problems remain to be solved before this frontier of science can develop cost-effective devices and achieve the promise of a clean, efficient energy source. 

The space mission Cassini, destined to explore the neighborhood of Saturn, will accumulate a large mass of scientihc data. This mission was extremely costly. With the same money, hundreds of hospitals and schools in Africa could have been built. Where would you have invested that amount of money ... 

Economic Factors. Economic factors are related to the availability and cost of the propellant as well as the cost of the equipment required to transport, store, and supply the propellant. Generally, low cost is a prime requisite for a propellant which will be utilized in large quantities and/or in multiunits (i.e., booster stages of launch vehicles and in military weapons). However, where utilization of a high-cost propellant may be required to complete the mission, the cost factor can be of secondary importance. This situation is usually associated with upper stages of a space launch vehicle. 

A large number of explosives are already available for use. However, selection of an explosive is made in the light of its stability, reliability, safety, application and mission requirements. At the time of development of a new explosive, it is essential to keep in mind factors such as indigenous availability of starting materials, ease of method of preparation, purity of explosive and its cost, in addition to its impact on the environment and potential for demilitarization. In this Chapter the following aspects of explosives will be discussed ... 

Ceramic Bonding, Inc. (CBI) was founded in 1987 to develop technology for reliable, inexpensive, on-site conversion of heavy metal hazardous wastes to safe, useful materials, such as fine aggregate for construction applications. CBI s principal mission is to provide equipment that can be used by industry to eliminate the need for costly and environmentally unwise disposal of toxics at Class I dumpsites. 

It is important to recognize that mission statements and strategic plans vary among types of organizations, especially within health care. The mission statement and strategic plan of a not-for-profit children s research hospital likely will be different from that of a for-profit pharmacy chain (Table 24-1). The aspects of a professional service that will need to be emphasized in a business plan will vary as well. The not-for-profit children s research hospital may want to see how a new professional service will result in enhanced clinical outcomes or benefit the greatest number of children at the lowest possible cost. On the other... 

Practice standards. Practice standards are needed to ensure consistent, comprehensive pharmacy services for each patient. According to the mission statement, the goal is for each patient to be free of drug-related problems. And drug products must be procured, prepared, and distributed cost-effectively, efficiently, and safely. The standards must be designed so that the pharmacist is reasonably able to maintain them. Career advancement opportunities should be made available within clinical practice and not be confined to a managerial track. Career ladders should be constructed to institutionalize and formalize department expectations for the development of clinical practice skills. 

The general mission of JCTLM was agreed to be improvement in quality of healthcare with reduction in costs for governments and IVD industry through promotion of reference examination systems allowing traceability of examination results with improved comparability. 

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and its predecessor, the National Bureau of Stan-dards(NBS), prides itself on having the ability to make measurements characterized by state-of-the-art precision and accuracy. In industrial settings, measurements usually must be made quickly and cheaply. While it is important to find ways to reduce the cost of measurement and to make measurements more quickly, NIST s national standards mission is such that quality generally takes precedence over speed. NIST scientists and engineers take sufficient time to ensure that a valid statement of uncertainty accompanies data we provide. 

Reversible fuel cells are also the focus of much research. A fuel cell can be run backward to take an external source of electricity and turn it into hydrogen, which can then be stored and later used by the fuel cell to generate electricity. If it turns out to be more cost-effective than other means of storing electricity, such as batteries, this strategy could have a variety of potential applications in military and space missions. Reversible fuel cells could also help address one of the barriers to more widespread use of renewable electricity—its intermittency. For instance, excess electricity generated by windmills during windy times could be stored and used during less windy times. 

The laboratory and field studies that are recommended above are not expensive by any metric progress can be made with consistent NASA support at the 20 million annual level. That is a small fraction of the cost of a single launch of a space shuttle or of the contribution over the years to the space station, and it is a nearly negligible fraction of the cost of a human mission to Mars. Laboratory and field studies are a necessary component of such a mission. The results obtained from such studies not only will provide an answer to the question, Why go to Mars but also will be needed to prevent a human landing on Mars from vitiating a key discovery that might have the greatest of effects for science and society. 

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