Cost-effectiveness definition

The Severe Accident Policy Statement formulates systematic safety examinations for detection of accident vulnerabilities and implementation of cost-effective changes. The NRC issued Generic Letter 88-20 to implement this plan through IPEs. While the primary goal was the identification of plant vulnerabilities, no definition of vulnerability was provided. Only 4 operators of BWRs identified vulnerabilities and only 16 operators of PWRs did so. Over 500 plant improvements were identified, but few vulnerabilities were. 

For routine monitoring of machine vibration, however, this approach is not cost effective. The time required to manually isolate each of the frequency components and transient events contained in the waveform is prohibitive. However, time-domain data has a definite use in a total plant predictive maintenance or reliability improvement program. 

Water for injection (WFI) is the most widely used solvent for parenteral preparations. The USP requirements for WFI and purified water have been recently updated to replace the traditional wet and colorimetric analytical methods with the more modern and cost-effective methods of conductivity and total organic carbon. Water for injection must be prepared and stored in a manner to ensure purity and freedom from pyrogens. The most common means of obtaining WFI is by the distillation of deionized water. This is the only method of preparation permitted by the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). In contrast, the USP and the Japanese Pharmacopeias also permit reverse osmosis to be used. The USP has also recently broadened its definition of source water to include not only the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Primary Drinking Water Standards, but also comparable regulations of the European Union or Japan. 

Uncovering and analyzing the precursors to incidents is more cost effective than only investigating losses. Chapter 5 discusses the definition of a near miss and how to get these precursors reported and investigated. 

The advent of NICE heralds a new era in which evidence about cost-effectiveness is formally required to help determine whether new interventions should be made available at public expense, ffowever, definitive yes/no decisions about market access have major implications for pharmaceutical companies. Economic information available at launch can only provide initial guidance about value for money. Further evidence on cost-effectiveness in real-world use will also be required. 

Nevertheless, many anecdotes and the few analyses of the application of the precautionary principle (PP) in developing countries point to a pattern of decisions that harm the cihzens of those countries.5 The PP, which lacks any consistent definition, can be paraphrased (and usually is) by saying that where there is a threat of harm from a technology, lack of scientific knowledge shah not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent harm. It is reasonable to everyone to look before you leap, but the practical interpretation of the PP in many Western country policies means that only looking is allowed, even... 

Those wishing to protect and enhance pharmaceutical cost-effectiveness evaluation in the face of the challenges outlined above are hindered by the lack of academic and regulatory attention hitherto paid to developing a definitive gold standard. Some... 

Use of obsidian in South America has been documented from about 13,000 years B.P. through the beginning of the Spanish Conquest. Several of the most archaeologically important sources of obsidian in South America are located in the Andes. mountain region of southern Peru. Due to the difficult terrain and volatile political environment, the locations for many of these sources were unknown to archaeologists until quite recently. Neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence have been used to measure the compositional patterns for individual sources. The comprehensive source database established by this work enables definitive and cost-effective assignments of provenance to obsidian artifacts from archaeological sites in Peru and northern Bolivia. 

Struts provides an excellent framework for implementing Model 2 MVC. It helps developers make the system easier to maintain and change. The caveat is its learning curve and complexity to people who are new to it. However, if your system is large and complex, the overhead will definitely pay off. For a small project with a handful of JSPs and Java objects, Model 1 MVC might be more cost effective. To learn more about Struts, go to http //stmts.apache.org. Many books on Struts can be found at http //www.amazon.com. Also see Agarwal (2004). 

The average cost based tariff covers all costs by definition so the budget constraint does not necessarily lead to cost effectiveness. Rather to the contrary, cost incentives are relatively ineffective, as costs very well can be passed on to shippers by increasing the tariffs. In addition, rationing efficiency is a less than ideal solution as the average cost and hence the tariff is inversely related to flow. If the pipeline is not allowed to make a profit,... 

The simple analysis presented above confirms that new formulations are required to produce stable, reliable products for field use. Practical system requirements, as defined by Mil Spec conformity and the use of standard fabrication and assembly processes, definitely require that a electro-optic polymer system with better thermal properties than thermoplastic acrylates be developed. That this is true for optical interconnection boards and modules is not surprising because of their complexity. It is perhaps remarkable that it remains true for even simple devices, such as a packaged, pigtailed traveling-wave modulator. The ultimate success of electro-optic polymers will be their use in cost-effective products that are used by systems designers. 

Abstract By the definition of the mole as a base unit for amount-of-substance measures within the International System of Units (SI), chemists can make chemical measurements in full compliance with established metrological principles. Since the mole requires exact knowledge of the chemical entity, which is often neither available nor of practical relevance to the purpose of the measurement, the SI units of mass or length (for volume) are unavoidable in the expression of results of many chemical measurements. Science, technology, and trade depend upon a huge and ever increasing number and variety of chemical determinations to quantify material composition and quality. Thus, international harmonization in the assessments of processes, procedures, and results is highly desirable and clearly cost effective. The authors, with relevant experience and re-... 

We define pollution prevention fairly broadly, in keeping with the actual practices widely utilized by industry. This definition is any cost-effect technique aimed at reducing chemical or energy-related emissions that would subsequently have to be treated. In keeping with the generally voluntary nature of U.S. pollution prevention activities, the double hurdle of technical and economic feasibility are met in a pollution prevention option (Fig. 4). 

Quick definition of the cost for end-of-pipe treatment, which subsequently becomes the incentive for more cost-effective pollution prevention solutions. 

PSD No-Net-Increase Provisions Under the PSD program, the affected source is the entire plant. This source definition allows a company to determine the most cost-effective means to control pollution any time a plant is modified. Emission increases associated with a new process or production line may be compensated for by emission increases at other parts of the plant. As long as the entire site net emissions increase is maintained below the levels identified in Table 22-5, a PSD review is not required. 

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