Cosmetics emulsions and

CAS 93-83-4 EINECS/ELINCS 202-281-7 Uses Emulsifier, lubricant, rust inhibitor, and vise, builder in syn. cutting fluids, industrial lubricants, oil well drilling, liq. detergents, cosmetic emulsions, and sol. oils food pkg. adhesives in resinous/polymeric food-contact coatings... 

Uses Surfactant, detergent, emulsifier, wetting agent, dispersant, stabilizer, defoamer, solubilizer in cosmetics, emulsion and suspension polymerization, paints, textiles, pesticides, pharmaceuticals intermediate in synthesis of anionic surfactants spermicide plastics antistat adjuvant in slimicides in food-contact paper/paperboard... 

C12H24O11 344.315 Used in blood preservatives, cosmetics emulsions and moisturisers, pharmaceuticals and adhesives for medical uses Permitted bulk sweetener for foods. 

Uses Detergent, cosmetic, emulsion and personal care prods, with pearly luster Properties Fluid 35% cone,... 

Conventional cosmetic emulsions (macroemulsions) normally contain about 70% or more of the external phase, which may be a mixture of components. The internal phase is routiaely iatroduced iato the external phase at an elevated temperature with vigorous agitation. The emulsifiers are distributed according to their solubility between the two phases. The level of emulsifiers (rarely more than about 10%) is kept low siace excessive amounts may destabilize emulsions or form a clear solubilizate. Auxiliary emulsifiers and other components are iacluded ia the phases ia which they are soluble. 

Emulsifiers are used in many technical applications. Emulsions of the oil-in-water and the water-in-oil type are produced on a large scale in the cosmetic industry. Other fields of employment are polymerization of monomers in emulsions and emulsification of oily and aqueous solutions in lubricants and cutting oils. In enhanced oil recovery dispersing of crude oil to emulsions or even microemulsions is the decisive step. 

The formation of nitrosamines in aprotic solvents has applicability to many practical lipophilic systems including foods (particularly bacon), cigarette smoke, cosmetics, and some drugs. The very rapid kinetics of nitrosation reactions in lipid solution indicates that the lipid phase of emulsions or analogous multiphase systems can act as "catalyst" to facilitate nitrosation reactions that may be far slower in purely aqueous media (41, 53, 54). This is apparently true in some cosmetic emulsion systems and may have important applicability to nitrosation reactions in vivo, particularly in the GI tract. In these multiphase systems, the pH of the aqueous phase may be poor for nitrosation in aqueous media (e.g., neutral or alkaline pH) because of the very small concentration of HONO or that can exist at these pH ranges. 

In the operations of a consulting laboratory, one is constantly confronted with a variety of problems which involve the technology of emulsions and foams. These problems cover a diversity of interests such as foods, cosmetics, adhesives, polymers, and others. 

It is hardly possible to predict that a general theory will ever be evolved which will cover all possible types of industrial emulsions and foams. However, it seems that if the information described were gathered in a systematic fashion, the data could be classified in a logical order for different types of emulsions. Hence, cosmetic-type emulsions, salad dressing, and mayonnaise-type emulsions would each fall into its own individual category. The suggestion therefore is made that a repository of such information be made available to all who are interested. 

Significance of Partition Coefficient of a Preservative in Cosmetic Emulsion, by H S Bean et all, American Perfumer and Cosmetics, Vol. 85, March, 1970... 

ThF Tadros. Polymeric surfactants , stabilization of emulsions and dispersions. In E Desmond Goddard, JV Gruber, eds. Principles of Polymer Science and Technology in Cosmetics and Personal Care. New York Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp 73-112. 

The physicochemical nature of the oil phase components in a cosmetic emulsion, the emollients, determines the skin-care effects, such as smoothing, spreading, sensorial appearance. Test methods have been developed to characterize and classify the numerous emollients available on the market, such as silicones, paraffins, and oleochemical-based products. The latter include glycerides, esters, alcohols, ethers, and carbonates with tailor-made structures, depending on the performance needed (Table 4.8). However, especially with regard to additional effects, there is still a demand for new products with unique performance properties. 

The other question that needs to be answered in these days of the Internet is why a book is even necessary when so much information can be gleaned by simple use of a keyboard. In part, this is exactly why a textbook is needed. There is a real danger of students getting information overload, with so much information being readily available that they are unable to digest and assimilate it. For example, a recent Google search for chitosan stability achieved over 22,000 hits, most of which were useless since, for some reason, they were connected with cosmetic applications. Try searching under the term emulsions and be prepared for an astronomical response ... 

Although forming a protective barrier on the skin is important, some cosmetic products also contain physiologically active ingredients that will improve skin conditions only if they penetrate the skin [431], The active substance(s) can be encapsulated in the internal aqueous phase or the internal oleic phase depending on the type of emulsion and whether the active ingredient is lipophilic or hydrophilic. If the protective film is not to be broken then the active substance has to diffuse across the oleic layer that has been deposited on the skin surface [910], This diffusion will be approximately described by Fick s law (Section 5.5), but is complicated by the fact... 

The breakdown of emulsions can either be desirable or unwanted. Of course, cosmetic emulsions such as creams or cleansers have to be stable and become useless if separated. On the other hand, in processes such as enhanced oil recovery emulsions may be formed that are considerably stable and a notable effort is necessary for their separation. 

Applications. N-octadecylphthalamate has been commercialised as an emulsifier for high HLB systems (water in oil) for cosmetic creams and lotions. The emulsions made using this product are very fine and it is claimed that a much richer skin feel can be obtained with lower oil content, compared to conventional emulsifiers. 

An emulsion is a dispersed system where one liquid phase is finely subdivided as globules or droplets and uniformly distributed in the other liquid phase. The practical application of emulsions and their technology applies to pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations. The usual globular or droplet sizes range from 0.1 to 10 pm. 

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