Corrosive injury caused

The Senate Report on the 1990 CAAA stated that EHS includes substances specifically listed under EPA s Accidental Release Prevention Requirements (40 CFR 68) and substances listed under Section 302 of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). The definition also includes substances not necessarily listed that-due to their toxicity, reactivity, flammability, volatility, or corrosivity-may cause death, injury, or property damage as a result of short-term exposure upon release to the air. 

Both anhydrous hydrogen fluoride gas and hydrofluoric acid are highly corrosive and dangerous. Skin contact by even dilute aqueous HF can be severely injurious, causing deep ulceration with delayed effect. The acid can penetrate the skin and destroy tissues. It also is damaging to eyes, nose and lungs. Inhalation can cause fluorosis and pulmonary edema. 

Toxicity and health effects Selenium causes hair and nail loss, discoloration and decay of the teeth, and CNS disturbances, including pain and anesthesia of the extremities. Inhalation of hydrogen selenide causes pulmonary edema. The dusts of selenium produce respiratory tract irritation, while the fumes of selenium dioxide produce metal fume fever. Dermal exposure and ingestion of selenium oxychloride cause skin burns, corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal tract, stupor, respiratory depression, and refractory hypotension. Ingestion of selenious acid causes corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal tract, stupor, respiratory depression, and refractory hypotension... 

Dalapon can cause corrosive injury to tissues. Burning and irritation are the predominant acute toxicities... 

Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature, that is heavier than air and has a strong irritating odor. Exposure to Chlorine Gas is rare, the most common exposures occur with products made from Chlorine. Sodium Hypochlorite is used as a disinfectant in public drinking water and swimming pools and as common household bleach. If these are swallowed. Chlorine Gas is produced in the stomach and causes serious corrosive injury. 

Dichromates of sodium, potassium, and ammonium, NH4Cr207 [7789-09-5], are moderately toxic compounds and irritants to the skin. These are corrosive substances causing ulceration of hand and injury to mucous membranes. The toxic effects are similar for all three compounds, and the lethal doses in guinea pigs are comparable 23.0, 29.4, and 25.0 mg/kg, respectively, by subcutaneous administration. Ingestion of 5 g can be lethal to humans. Dichromates of... 

B. Aqueous solutions. Diluted aqueous solutions of ammonia (eg, < 5%) rarely cause serious bums but are moderately irritating. More concentrated industrial cleaners (eg, 25-30% ammonia) are much more likely to cause serious corrosive injury. 

A. Chiorhexidine Is commonly found in dental rinses, mouthwashes, and a variety of cosmetics. Exposure to a concentration less than 0.14% is not likely to cause more than minor irritation, but higher concentrations have caused corrosive injury. 

C. Hydrogen peroxide ingestion may cause gastric distension and, rarely, perforation. Severe corrosive injury and air emboli have been rejxrrted with the concentrated forms and may be caused by the entry of gas through damaged gastric mucosa or oxygen gas liberation within the venous or arterial circulation. 

Button batteries are small disk-shaped batteries used in watches, calculators, and cameras. They contain caustic metal salts such as mercuric chloride that may cause corrosive injury. 

If corrosive injury is suspected, consult a gastroenterologist for possible endoscopy. Ingestion of products containing greater than 5-10% cationic detergents is more likely to cause corrosive injury. 

C. Ingestion of HF may cause corrosive Injury to the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. 

B. Ingestion can cause corrosive injury to the gastrointestinal tract and systemic intoxication. Renal and hepatic injury and pancreatitis have been reported. 

A. Acute skin or eye contact causes irritation and burning, which may lead to serious corrosive injury if the exposure and concentration are high. 

A. Paraquat and diquat are strong cations in aqueous solution, and concentrated solutions (eg, >20%) may cause severe corrosive injury when ingested, injected, or applied to the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. The dipyridyl herbicides are extremely potent systemic toxins when absorbed and can... 

I. Mechanism of toxicity. Phenol denatures protein, dismpts the cell wall, and produces coagulative necrosis. It may cause corrosive injury to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Systemic absorption causes CNS stimulation. The mechanism of CNS intoxication is not known. Some phenolic compounds (eg, dinitrophenol and hydroquinone) may induce hemolysis and methemoglobinemia (see p 261). 

A. Acute ingestion of selenious acid causes upper Gl corrosive injury, vomiting and diarrhea, hypersalivation, and a garlic odor on the breath, with rapid deterioration of mental status with restlessness progressing to coma, hypotension from myocardial depression and decreased vascular resistence. 

C. Acute inhalation of hydrogen selenide produces dyspnea, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Inhalation of selenium hexafluoride produces severe corrosive injury and systemic toxicity from acids of selenium plus fluoride ion toxicity. Selenium salt inhalation causes dyspnea and skin and mucous membrane irritation. 

B. Pain caused by corrosive injury to the eyes, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. 

Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 7 g/kg, (IV, mouse) 1200 mg/kg mod. toxic by IV route mildly toxic by ing. may cause sore throat, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting corrosive mod. to severe skin irritant may cause skin burns inh. of mists may cause mild to mod. irritation to nose/throat liq. or mist may cause severe eye irritation or corrosive injury TSCA listed Hazardous Decomp. Prods. CO, CO2 heated to decomp., emits acrid smoke and fumes Uses Organic synthesis prod, of lubricants for aircraft and brake fluids alkyd resin comonomer butter marker fragrance in cosmetics perfumery synthetic flavoring agent in foods and pharmaceuticals prod, of metal salts used in plastics mfg. 

Properties Wh. to gray cryst. powd. sol. in water (above pH 7), but slowiy dec. in acidic water very sol. in lower primary amines, aiiphatic ethers, tetrahydrofuran, polygiycoi ethers, ammonia dec. in lower aliphatic alcohols m.w. 21.79 dens. 0.66 dec. slowly at m.p. (275-279 C) b.p. 278 C Toxicology Poison by ing., inh., skin contact corrosive can react slowly with moisture to form corrosive sol n. (lithium hydroxide) which can cause severe bums, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea severe exposure by ing. can cause collapse and death inh. of high cones, can be corrosive to airways and lungs may cause severe skin and eye irritation or corrosive injury (bums) TSCA listed Precaution Fiamm. dangerous fire and explosion risk incompat. with water dec. 

Chemical skin injuries differ from thermal and electrical bums in pathophysiology. Jelenko [179] stated that chemical skin injuries are different in mechanisms from those injuries caused by exposure to heat or flames [179], These mechanisms were coagulation by protein oxidation, reduction, salt formation, corrosion, protoplasmic poisoning, metabolic competition of inhibition, desiccation, and vesicant action with resultant ischemia [179],... 

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