System toxin

System toxin A substance that affects tar get organs or entire organ systems. 

Metals Lead and Mercury These are brain and nervous system toxins, hormone disrupters, and carcinogens to be avoided when trying to get pregnant, when pregnant, and beyond. Lead can be found as lead acetate in makeup and hair dye and be absorbed into the skin. Mercury is sometimes allowed (in very small doses) as a preservative. 

Once mineral-bound aluminum is recovered from ores, it forms metal complexes or chelates. Examples of the different forms of aluminum include aluminum oxide, aluminum chlorhydrate, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum chloride, aluminum lactate, aluminum phosphate, and aluminum nitrate. The metal itself is also used. With the exception of aluminum phosphide, the anionic component does not appear to influence toxicity, although it does appear to influence bioavailability. Aluminum phosphide, which is used as a pesticide, is more dangerous than the other forms however, this is because of the evolution of phosphine gas (a potent respiratory tract and systemic toxin) rather than to the exposure to aluminum. 

Lent, M., Hirshberg, A., Margolis, G. Systemic toxins. Signs, symptoms and management of patients in septic shock. J Exp Med 26 (2001) 54-65 quiz 66-67. 

Cause Colonization Wound Intestinal Ingestion of Respiratory Systemic toxin... 

Plastic pipes are polymeric in nature (e.g., polyvinyl chloride). Within the pipe are traces of the monomers used in the manufacture of the pipe (e.g., vinyl chloride). In addition, there are a variety of other chemicals added during the manufacture of the pipe as lubricants to facilitate their manufacture or stabilizers to prevent the breakdown of the pipe. In Europe, lead has been used as the stabilizer for pipes, whereas various organic tin compounds have been utilized in the United States. Lead is widely recognized as being toxic. Inorganic tin has a very limited toxicity, but this is not the form of tin that is used. Some of the organic tin compounds are potent nervous system toxins (e.g., trimethyl or triethyl tin), while others appear to adversely affect the immune system (dioctyl tin). The forms of tin used in polyvinyl chloride pipe, however, are primarily monomethyl and dimethyl tin, which are much less active as neurotoxins than the trimethyl tin. There will be some extraction of all these chemicals from the pipe when it is first put into service. However, the concentrations that are found in the water decrease sharply with continued use of the pipe. This is only partially due to the depletion of the chemical from the pipe because continuous water flow will form an impermeable barrier (e.g., calcium carbonate) on the interior of the pipe that minimizes leaching from its surface. 

The majority of the eye is filled with a viscous, clear substance known as vitreous humor. The vitreous humor is rarely directly altered by toxic exposure, but bleeding into the vitreous may be a secondary effect of a systemic toxin such as an anticoagulant. 

Trichothecene mycotoxins are created by numerous species of fungi. Over 40 toxins are known to be produced by fungi. T2 is a stable toxin even when heated to high temperatures. However, unlike other toxins, the mycotoxins are dermally active. Once absorbed into the body, it would become a systemic toxin. 

Coelenterate toxins found in jellyfish and sea anemones bind to both sodium and potassium channels (Messerli, 2006). Coelenterates represent the earliest extant creature with a neuromuscular system. Toxins from the sea anemone are the best characterized cnidarian toxins in terms of mechanism of action, and more than 50 different toxins that target sodium VGICs have thus far been isolated or cloned (Honma, 2006). Each of these toxins can serve as a probe of sodium VGIC structure and function, and provide selectivity for sodium-dependent mechanisms in cardiac and neuronal tissues, to include autonomic nerves that mediate gastrointestinal symptoms in a variety of disease states. 

Systemic toxins Camphor, phenol, halogenated, or aromatic compounds High High Observe for pneumonia perform gastric lavage or give activated charcoal or do both. 

B. Ingestion of as little as 10-20 mL of some systemic toxins, such as camphor or carbon tetrachloride, may cause serious or fatal poisoning. 

Ingestion (see p 47). For agents with no known systemic toxicity, gut decontamination is neither necessary nor desirable because any gut-emptying procedure increases the risk of aspiration. For systemic toxins ... 

A. Paraquat and diquat are strong cations in aqueous solution, and concentrated solutions (eg, >20%) may cause severe corrosive injury when ingested, injected, or applied to the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. The dipyridyl herbicides are extremely potent systemic toxins when absorbed and can... 

Hydrogen sulfide (sewer gas [CAS 7783-06-4)) Vapors irritating to eyes and respiratory tract. At higher ieveis, a potent, rapid systemic toxin causing ceiiuiar asphyxia and death. Systemic ettects ot iow-ievei exposure inciude headache, cough, nausea, and vomiting. See aiso p 224. 

Hazard. Hazard is an inherent property or ability of a substance to cause an adverse effect or event. Classes of hazards include physical hazards (e.g., compressed gases, explosives, flammables, organic peroxides, pyrophorics, unstable and water-reactive materials) and health hazards (e.g., asphyxiants, irritants, systemic toxins, reproductive toxins, carcinogens). 

Systemic Toxicity. Systemic toxicity refers to toxicity manifest in biologic tissues other than the tissues of contact with the offending agent. Absorption, at a minimum, must occur for systemic toxicity to exist distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion may also be involved. An example of systemic toxicity in which only absorption is involved is the red blood cell breakage (hemolysis) caused by the hydride gas arsine this hemolysis and subsequent anemia affect the central nervous system, the liver, and the kidneys. For most systemic toxins, a threshold level of agent must be reached before toxicity is manifest this threshold often represents the capacity of the body s defense mechanisms. With two general exceptions. 

B. I Necrosis of epithelial cells. Systemic toxins can cause epithelial necrosis throughout the... 

Cause Colonization of immature intestinal tract Wound colonization resulting from contact with contaminated material Intestinal colonization secondary to disruption of normal intestinal flora Ingestion of preformed toxin in contaminated food products Respiratory exposure to toxin aerosols or droplets Systemic toxin uptake after therapeutic toxin administration... 

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