Correlation with hypertension

After these reports there were many attempts to administer hemoglobin solutions to humans. Many of these patients did well, but others demonstrated hypertension, bradycardia, oliguria, and even anaphylaxis. These untoward effects were not correlated with specific biochemical properties of the solutions themselves. 

In one study, patients with significant diffusion-perfusion mismatch on MRI, large vessel occlusive disease, and fluctuating neurological deficits were found to be more likely to respond. Induced hypertension correlated with improved cortical cerebral... 

Because of the slow onset of CKD and the lack of symptoms in earlier stages, the prevalence of CKD is difficult to determine until patients reach ESRD. It is estimated that approximately 19 million people (11% of the United States population) have some degree of CKD.2 Approximately 8 million people have a GFR less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2,2 at which point CKD is generally diagnosed as a clinical condition. The prevalence of CKD is correlated with specific demographic factors increased age, African-American race, and hypertension. 

The results from more recent studies have not clarified the issue. In a study of the general population in Belgium in which 2 sets of data were collected at a 6-year interval, Staessen et al. (1996) found that blood pressure was not correlated with PbB or ZPP concentrations in men or women. The study further found that the risk of becoming hypertensive was not associated with PbB or ZPP concentrations measured at the first data collection. Results from the evaluation of participants in the Normative Aging Study showed that an increase in tibia bone lead of about 29 pg/g was associated with an increased odds ratio of hypertension of 1.5 (Hu et al. 1996a). However, the authors acknowledged that the procedures used to... 

The possible involvement of free radicals in the development of hypertension has been suspected for a long time. In 1988, Salonen et al. [73] demonstrated the marked elevation of blood pressure for persons with the lowest levels of plasma ascorbic acid and serum selenium concentrations. In subsequent studies these authors confirmed their first observations and showed that the supplementation with antioxidant combination of ascorbic acid, selenium, vitamin E, and carotene resulted in a significant decrease in diastonic blood pressure [74] and enhanced the resistance of atherogenic lipoproteins in human plasma to oxidative stress [75]. Kristal et al. [76] demonstrated that hypertention is accompanied by priming of PMNs although the enhancement of superoxide release was not correlated with the levels of blood pressure. Russo et al. [77] showed that essential hypertension patients are characterized by higher MDA levels and decreased SOD activities. 

The main causes of death in hypertensive subjects are cerebrovascular accidents, cardiovascular (CV) events, and renal failure. The probability of premature death correlates with the severity of BP elevation. 

The anti-hypertensive dose is clearly related to the dose used to treat angina although the former is a good deal higher than the latter. Both doses however clearly correlate with the experimental cardiac 3-blocking potency. 

Elevated blood pressure Elevated blood pressure and hypertension may occur within a few months of beginning use. The prevalence increases with the duration of use and age. Incidence of hypertension may directly correlate with increasing dosages of progestin. Discontinue use if elevated blood pressure occurs. Encourage women with a history of hypertension or hypertension-related diseases during pregnancy, or renal disease to use another method of contraception. 

Depression has been noted in 10 to 15% of all patients who take reserpine for the treatment of hypertension. When used for the treatment of tuberculosis, isoniazid brings about mood elevation. Reserpine was found to diminish the levels of brain neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, whereas isoniazid, through its monoamine oxidase inhibitory actions, augments the levels of these substances. It was thus theorized that too much of one or more of these neurotransmitters might be associated with states of hypomania or mania, whereas too little would correlate with depression. 

Progressive inactivity, dissatisfaction with social life, and presence of medical and psychiatric illness can be most predictive of insomnia in old age [6, 7], In modern societies higher rates of insomnia are present in women, people who are less educated or unemployed, separated or divorced, the medically ill, and those with depression, anxiety, or substance abuse [8], In a number of studies, insomnia has been found to be correlated with frequent use of medical facilities [9-13], chronic health problems [13-18], perceived poor health [17], increased use of drugs [10,14], and specific medical conditions including respiratory diseases [19-21], hypertension [21], musculoskeletal and other painful disorders [19-24], heart diseases [19, 23], and prostate problems [19], On the other hand, chronic insomnia predisposes to the development of psychiatric disorders [25-27], Therefore, it is important to clearly establish whether co-morbidities are causative for, or simply co-exist with insomnia, in order to recommend the most appropriate treatment. This is why it is better to categorize insomnia as a disease rather than as a symptom [28],... 

Marcil J, Anand-Srivastava MB. 2001. G protein alterations in lymphocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats correlation with adenylyl cyclase. Cardiovasc Res 49 234-243. 

El-Gharbawy, A. H., Kotchen, J. M., Grim, C. E., Kaldunski, M., Hoffmann, R. G., Pausova, Z., Hamet, P., and Kotchen, T. A. 2002. Gender-specific correlates of leptin with hypertension-related phenotypes in African Americans. Am. J. Hypertens. 15 989-993. 

All components of the RAS can be found in the brain, heart, vasculature, adipose tissue, gonads, pancreas, placenta, and kidney, among others. Biochemical measurements of ACE activity show that the enzyme is tissue-based. Indeed, <10% of ACE is found circulating in the plasma [4]. The potential importance of the tissue RAS is supported by observations that the beneficial effects of RAS blockers cannot reliably be predicted by measurements of the activity of the circulating RAS. The antihypertensive actions of ACE-inhibitors are better correlated with inhibition of tissue ACE rather than plasma ACE, and hypertensive patients with normal or even low levels of systemic RAS activity can be effectively treated with inhibitors of the RAS. The intrarenal RAS is hypothesized to regulate systemic blood pressure and aspects of renal function such as blood flow and sodium reabsorption. In the brain, the RAS may facilitate neurotransmission and stimu-... 

Vitamin C is also able to protect the hypothalamus from oxidative stress induced in rats by an environmental toxicant (Muthuvel et al., 2006). Ascorbic acid confers protection from increased free-radical activity in the brain of spontaneously hypertensive rats by improving total antioxidant and superoxide dismutase status, thus preventing high blood pressure and its complications (Newaz et al., 2005). Also, intravenous cerebroprotective doses of citrate/sorbitol-stabilized DHA are correlated with increased brain ascorbate levels and a suppression of excessive lipid peroxidation (Mack et al., 2006). 

As we age, the body produces less and less NO, especially when LDL cholesterol levels are high, when we smoke cigarettes, when we gain weight, when we live sedentary lifestyles, and when we develop type 2 diabetes and sugar levels rise in the blood. Reduced production of NO leads to arterial constriction that limits blood flow, elevates blood pressure, increases blood clot production, and results in more rapid cell death and cardiovascular disease. For reasons yet to be determined, blacks produce less NO than whites do, which may explain why the incidence of hypertension is higher in that community. And while there is an association, we don t know whether a decreased production of NO contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes or whether that form of diabetes results in less NO. Decreased NO production has also been correlated with the early development of atherosclerosis. In 2005, Russian scientists at the Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association reported their findings that a decline in NO production parallels increases in blood pressure from mild to severe. 

---