Released superoxide

The biological activity of the polymers was evaluated in vitro by the ability to stimulate the release of superoxide from DMSO-differentiated HL-60 cells [18-20]. The released superoxide was monitored by the cytochrome C method [21,22]. As shown in Figure 7, when the differen-... 

Transmittance through cytochrome C decreases as released superoxide reduces the cytochrome C. 

Free radicals can act as regulatory molecules in biochemical processes for example, lymphocytes and fibroblasts [4,5] constantly generate small amounts of superoxide radical as growth regulators. Other nonphagocytic cells can be stimulated to release superoxide, such cell types including endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells. 

Superoxide is also released from cells other than leukocytes (Table 3). For instance primary human fibroblasts release superoxide at a rate similar to... 

The NADPH binding site is on the cytosolic side of the membrane, whereas the superoxide release site is either extracellular or on the luminal side of the phagocytic vesicle. The enzyme acts as an ion pump, because it releases superoxide without an accompanying cation protons remain inside the cell, resulting in considerable membrane depolarization (Babior, 1992 Chanock etal., 1994). 

Cantin A, Dubois F, Begin R. 1988. Lung exposure to mineral dusts enhances the capacity of lung inflammatory cells to release superoxide. J Leukoc Biol 43 299-303. 

Activated phagocytes can release superoxide anion into the extracellular fluid as well as leak it into the cytoplasm. Superoxide can give rise to hydrogen peroxide... 

We analyzed the influence of free and protein-bound CML on the mitochondrial formation of superoxide and on the catalytic activities and the protein expression of SOD as indicators of the cell s response to an increased release of ROS. Measurement of mitochondrial superoxide in living cells using the fluorescent label MitoSOX in Caco-2 and HEK-293 demonstrated that superoxide radical anions are generated even in control cells which have been treated with phosphate buffer solely. This result indicates that mitochondria release superoxide radical anions from oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of any experimental stimulus. 

Chemotaxis, aggregation, granule enz5ane release, superoxide anion release Activation of PPARa, induction of fatty acid-metabolizing enz5nnes Immunoglobulin secretion... 

---