Demographic factors

Because of the slow onset of CKD and the lack of symptoms in earlier stages, the prevalence of CKD is difficult to determine until patients reach ESRD. It is estimated that approximately 19 million people (11% of the United States population) have some degree of CKD.2 Approximately 8 million people have a GFR less than 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2,2 at which point CKD is generally diagnosed as a clinical condition. The prevalence of CKD is correlated with specific demographic factors increased age, African-American race, and hypertension. 

Of the various demographic factors, age is especially significant in the responses to this question. As indicated in Figure 1.1, for all age categories,... 

Gender differences in the age of onset of bipolar disorder were evaluated by Sibisi ( 43), who used the annual U.K. Inpatient Statistics from the Mental Health Inquiry. The cumulative inception rate was nearly equal for men and women, indicating that the liability is similar between the genders. Results such as these imply that the observed excess of middle-aged, bipolar women may be attributable to life experiences, a greater willingness to seek treatment, or other demographic factors. 

The importance of recognising the role of women is reinforced by Lockie et al. (see Chapter 11) who state that gender, not education or income, is the most important demographic factor influencing patterns of organic consumption, because women report purchasing organic foods more than men. 

The reference-range approach depends on data availability and data comparability for both the reference and test populations. Ideally, the two populations are comparable in age, race or ethnicity, sex, and other demographic factors and were analyzed for the same end point in the same tissues or fluids (see introduction to this chapter and Chapter 4). 

Koo, J.W., F. Parham, M.C. Kohn, S.A. Masten, J.W. Brock, L.L. Needham, and C.J. Portier. 2002. The association between biomarker-based exposure estimates for phthalates and demographic factors in a human reference population. Environ. Health Perspect. 110(4) 405-410. 

Information on occupational groups may also be obtained from the population census. In the census information is requested on demographic factors, occupation and industry. These data can be used to classify the workers by job-exposure. The occupation stated on the census form only relates to the job held at a... 

Demographics factors. These factors focus on a number of characteristics, including past work experience (experience in independent settings supports entrepreneurial tendencies), entrepreneurial parents (more likely to be entrepreneurial when parents have been as well), and age (most businesses are launched between the ages of 25 and 40). 

Demographic factors Travelling style distinctions Product and activity classifications... 

Age Gender Nationality Additional demographic factors expenditure occupation education Accommodation used Activity participation Destination patterns Length of stay Trip purpose Distance travelled Travel party composition Seasonality/ travel time Travel arrangements independent package mixed Transport mode Cultural tourists heritage tourists ethnic tourists Nature oriented tourists wildlife tourists ecotourists Adventure tourists Educational tourists science tourists volunteers Theme park tourists Casino tourists Urban tourists Agricultural tourists wine tourists farm tourists Sex tourists romance tourists companionship tourists Business tourists conference tourists events tourists... 

One very useful way to reduce multiplicity arises with clusters of knowledge testing questions. If a group of questions all test the same topic, consider combining the results from all the questions to produce an overall score. You can then test whether key demographic factors affect this single result rather than testing each test question separately. 

Kleindienst N, Engel RR, Greil W. Psychosocial and demographic factors associated with response to prophylactic lithium a systematic review for bipolar disorders. Psychol Med 2005 35 1685-94. 

Analyses proposed for these modules are simple computations of proportions and means in relation to different strata. More complex analyses may be undertaken and are indicated in the different modules. An overall estimate for comprehensibility may be attempted by combining results from subjects in the different strata, but should be adjusted for weightings by stratum and by other demographic factors known to affect comprehensibility. 

BD. 1992. Demographic factors influencing cyclosporine pharmacokinetic parameters in patients with uremia racial differences in bioavailability. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 52 359-71... 

Herman D, Locatelli I, Grabnar I, et al. Influence of CYP2C9 polymorphisms, demographic factors and concomitant drug therapy on warfarin metabolism and maintenance dose. Pharmacogenomics J 2005 5(3) 193-202. 

The market may involve and be influenced by how an ethical product is paid for, i.e. privately, by national insurance or by some other form of reimbursement through governmental authorities. Markets are also identified by diseases or illnesses which may vary from country to country, continent to continent and be related to age, ethnic origin, sex, etc., i.e. demographic factors. 

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