Photosynthesis corals

Jones, RJ. and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 1999. Effects of cyanide on coral photosynthesis implications for identifying the cause of coral bleaching and for assessing the environmental effects of cyanide fishing. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 177 83-91. 

Webb, L., and J.C. Coll Effects of Alcyonarian Coral Terpenes on Scleractinian Coral Photosynthesis and Respiration. Toxicon Suppl. 3, 485 (1983). 

Aragonite. Calcium carbonate is a common deposit in shallow tropical waters as a constituent of muds, or in the upper part of coral reefs where it precipitates from carbon dioxide-rich waters supersaturated with carbonate from intense biological photosynthesis and solar heating. Deposits of ooHtic aragonite, CaCO, extending over 250,000 km in water less than 5 m deep ate mined for industrial purposes in the Bahamas for export to the United States (19). 

Schaffelke, B. and Klumpp, D. W., Short-term nutrient pluses enhance growth and photosynthesis of the coral reef macroalga Sargassum baccularia, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Sen, 170, 95, 1998. 

An interesting relationship has been observed between MAA concentration and water flow.143 When exposed to higher water velocities but the same radiation environment, corals accumulate larger amounts of MAAs. This positive correlation has been attributed to the stimulatory effect of increased water velocity on photosynthesis that, in turn, supplies the necessary substrates for MAA synthesis. If this is true, then the observed vertical gradient of MAAs may also be a function of photosynthetic rate relative to the attenuation of PAR and not only a direct signaling of MAA synthesis by radiation intensity. Alternatively, there could be a mechanical stimulatory mechanism related to a damage-induction response for MAA synthesis in the zooxanthellae. 

Littler, M. M., Littler, D. S., and Lapointe, B. E. (1988). A comparison of nutrient and light-limited photosynthesis in psammophytic versus epilithic forms of Halimeda caulerpales Halimedaceae from the Bahamas. Coral Reefs 6, 219—226. 

Fen ier-Pages, C., Gattuso, J. P., DaUot, S., and Jaubert, J. (2000). Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth and photosynthesis of the zooxantheUate coral Stylophora pistillata. Coral Reefs 19, 103—113. 

Summons, R. E., Boag, T. S., and Osmond, C. B. (1986). The effect of ammonium on photosynthesis and the pathway of ammonium assimilation in Gymnodinium microadriaticum in vitro and in symbiosis with tridacnid clams and corals proceedings of the royal society of London. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 227(1247), 147-159. 

Werner, U., Blazejak, A., Bbd, P., Eickert, G., Schoon, R., Abed, R. M., Bissett, A., Beer, D. (2008). Microbial photosynthesis in coral reef sediments (Heron Reef Austraba). Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. 76, 876-888. 

Enzymes. An obvious additional factor in biomineralization is enzyme activity. Enzymes are involved in the movements of ions by membrane pumps, the synthesis of organic matrix and sclerotized skeletal material, photosynthesis of coral zooxanthellae, and reactions involving COj. The best studied of these is carbonic anhydrase which catalyses the reactions... 

Vandermeulen, J.H., Davis, N.D. and Muscatine, L., 1972. The effect of inhibitors of photosynthesis on zooxanthellae in corals and other marine invertebrates. Mar. Biol., 16 185-191. 

R.A. Kinzie III (1993). Effects of ambient levels of solar ultraviolet radiation on zooxanthellae and photosynthesis of the reef coral Montipora verrucosa. Mar. Biol, 116,319-327. 

Gattuso, J.P., Allemand, D. and Frankignoulle, M. (1999) Photosynthesis and calcification at cellular, organismal, and community levels in coral reefs a review of interactions and control by carbonate chemistry. American Zoologist, 39, 160—183. 

Schlichter, D. and Liebezeit, G. (1991) The natural release of amino acids from the symbiotic coral Heteroxenia fuscescens (Ehrb.) as a function of photosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 150, 83-90. 

Corals acquire the greater part of their food energy by two mechanisms photosynthesis and heterotrophy (direct ingestion of zooplankton and other... 

In a situation of adequate DIG, the quantity and density of zooxanthellae have a direct influence on the stability of the coral reef ecosystem, which is in symbiosis with the coral. Zooxanthellae can produce organic matter and discharge O2 during the photosynthesis process. The majority of organic matter was excreted from coral and O2 was supplied to coral for respiration. Some organic matter was captured by coral as one food source. Some CO2 discharged from coral respiration combined with Ca + in seawater and constructed the coral skeleton. 

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