Polymer-Copper Nanocomposites

Copper/polymer nanocomposites have been prepared in the solid state by Lyons and co-workers (52). A soluble precursor was S5mthesized by complexing poly(2-vinylpyridine) with copper formate (ie, Cu(HC02)2) in methanol. The thermal decomposition of the complex results in a redox reaction whereby Cu(II) is reduced to copper metal and the formate anion is oxidized to CO2 and H2. By incorporating a reducing agent into the complex, the thermal decomposition reaction is not diffiision-Umited, and nanociystalline copper particles can be prepared in the solid state. 

Athawale, A. A., Bhagwat, S. V. Synthesis and characterization of novel copper/polyaniline nanocomposite and application as a catalyst in the Wacker oxidation reaction. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 89, 2412-2417. 

The applications reported for polymer-supported, soluble oxidation catalysts are the use of poly(vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride for the autooxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol [8], of copper polyaniline nanocomposites for the Wacker oxidation reaction [9], of cationic polymers containing cobalt(II) phthalocyanate for the autooxidation of 2-mercaptoethanol [10] and oxidation of olefins [11], of polymer-bound phthalocyanines for oxidative decomposition of polychlorophenols [12], and of a norbornene-based polymer with polymer-fixed manganese(IV) complexes for the catalytic oxidation of alkanes [13], Noncatalytic processes can also be found, such as the use of soluble polystyrene-based sulfoxide reagents for Swern oxidation [14], The reactions listed above will be described in more detail in the following paragraphs. 

The fact of producing stable FS of nanocomposite on PEPA basis and increasing the operational characteristies of epoxy polymer was ascertained. It was demonstrated that the introduction of Cu/C nanocomposite into PEPA facilitates the formation of coordination bonds with nitrogen of amine groups, thus resulting in PEPA activity increase in ER hardening reactions. It was found out that the optimal time period of ultrasound processing of copper/carbon nanocomposite FS is 20 min. 

Most of these polymers also have hydrophilic and hydrolysable ester and amide groups. Some organometallic polymers containing tin, antimony, Cu and arsenic, and polymer nanocomposites with metals like silver and copper also exhibit antimicrobial properties. 

Ozkan, S. Zh., Dzidziguri, E. L., Krpacheva, G. R, Bondarenko, G. N. Metal-polymer nanocomposites based on polydiphenylamine and copper nanoparticles synthesis, structure and properties. Russian Nanotechnologies. 2011, Vol. 6. Na 11-12,78-83. Karpacheva, G., Ozkan, S. Polymer-metal hybrid structures based on polydiphenylamine and Co nanoparticles. Procedia Materials Science. 2013, V. 2,52-59. 

Tan NCB, Balogh L, Trevino SF, Tomalia DA, Lin JS A small angle scattering study of dendrimer-copper sulfide nanocomposites. Polymer 40 2537-2545, 1999. 

Microwave synthesis of graphene sheets and graphene-polymer nanocomposites was reported by Hassan et al. (2009). They used hydrazine and copper (II) nitrate for this purpose under microwave irradiation for 30 sec-2 min. These materials are... 

Table 7. As can be seen, both Dowex and Deloxan led to poor enantioselec-tivities, which further decreased after catalyst recovery. Better results, which are comparable with those obtained in homogeneous phase, were obtained with Nation (Table 7) [53], although it was necessary to carry out the reaction at 60 °C due to the low copper content in the soHd. This low copper level is a consequence of the low surface area of this polymer (< 0.02 m g ) and, for this reason, a nafion-silica nanocomposite was used as the support [53]. With this catalyst, the reaction took place at room temperature and with similar enantioselectivity (Table 7).

Figure 4.6 Optical microscope pictures, a) to i), of the Petri plates after 4 h of yeast incubation. The bottom of each plate was either coated with the bare polyvinylmethyl ketone (PVMK), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymers or by polymer-tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) films or by the copper NP-PVMK, copper NP-PVC, and copper NP-PVDF nanocomposites. Reproduced with permission from N. Cioffi, L. Torsi,...

A sensitive and selective electrochemical analysis of the OPs methyl parathion (MPT) and 4-nitrophenol (PNP) has been carried out using a new type p-NiTSPc/p-PPD coated carbon fibre microelectrode (CFME)," and tricresyl phosphate has been determined in aqueous samples and air using a copper nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes-based electrochemical sensor. Similarly, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and ethanol vapours have been determined using a high-performance nanocomposite material based on functionalized carbon nanotubes and polymers coated on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. ... 

T. Rath, M. Edler, W. Haas, A. Fischereder, S. Moscher, A. Schenk, R. Trattnig, M. Sezen, G. Mauthner, A. Pein, et al. A Direct Route towards Polymer/Copper Indium Sulfide Nanocomposite Solar Cells. Advanced Energy Materials 2011,1,1046-1050. 

To evaluate the sensing characteristics of the conjugated polymer or its nanocomposite using four-probe technique of resistivity measurement, four electrical contacts are made on the layer by copper wire and silver paste. Subsequently the change in voltage between two middle probes on the sample layer is measured in analyte environment and the results are reported in terms of the change in resistivity of the sample at constant current applied trough terminal two probe. The resistivity of the sample layer can be calculated by the equation [12] ... 

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