Conversion factor constructing

Conversion factors constructed from molarities can be used in stoichiometric calculations in very much the same way conversion factors from molar mass are used. When a substance is pure, its molar mass can be used to convert back and forth between the measurable property of mass and moles. When a substance is in solution, its molarity can be used to convert between the measurable property of volume of solution and moles of solute. 

Conversion factors constructed from molarities can be used in stoichiometric calculations in very much the same way conversion factors from ... 

The Excel spreadsheet is constructed so that on page one, the referenced properties are listed in Column C, and the same with conversion factors to SI units in Column D. Conversion formulas and values calculated in SI Units are in Column E. Column F is a duplicate of Column E, and this can be used for additional calculation by changing to other conditions or to an entirely new case. It is recommended toleave Column E alone for a comparison case and to copy Column F to another page to execute calculations. 

Relations between common units can be found in Table 5 of Appendix IB. We use these relations to construct a conversion factor of the form... 

Quantitation is performed by the calibration technique. Construct a new calibration curve with methomyl oxime standard solutions (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 xgmL in acetone) for each set of analyses. Plot the peak area against the injected amount of methomyl oxime on logarithmic paper. As the amount of alanycarb is measured in terms of its oxime derivative, a conversion factor of 3.8 (the molecular weight ratio of alanycarb to methomyl oxime) should be applied to obtain the net amount. The injection volume should be kept constant as the peak area varies with the injection volume in flame photometric detection. Before each set of measurements, check the GC system by injecting more than one standard solution containing ca 2-10 ng of methomyl oxime. 

Residue Curve Maps for Reactive Mixtures 461 Heat-Exchanger Design 474 Materials of Construction 483 Saturated Steam Properties 487 Vapor Pressure of Some Hydrocarbons 489 Vapor Pressure of Some Organic Components 490 Conversion Factors to SI Units 491... 

The cost for installation (Lang factor of 3.0 by Table 6 of Chap. 14) will be twice the cost of the f.o.b. unit if it is constructed of carbon steel. In this case, the material of construction is carbon steel, so it is not necessary to use a materials cost-conversion factor to obtain the f.o.b. cost thus, the estimated total installed cost of the reactor is 78,000 + (2X 78,000) = 234,000. 

We will specifically consider water relations, solute transport, photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, and environmental interactions. A physiologist endeavors to understand such topics in physical and chemical terms accurate models can then be constructed and responses to the internal and the external environment can be predicted. Elementary chemistry, physics, and mathematics are used to develop concepts that are key to understanding biology—the intent is to provide a rigorous development, not a compendium of facts. References provide further details, although in some cases the enunciated principles carry the reader to the forefront of current research. Calculations are used to indicate the physiological consequences of the various equations, and problems at the end of chapters provide further such exercises. Solutions to all of the problems are provided, and the appendixes have a large list of values for constants and conversion factors at various temperatures. 

In chemistry, you often need to convert a measurement from one unit to another. One way of doing this is to use a conversion factor. A conversion factor is a simple ratio that relates two units that express a measurement of the same quantity. Conversion factors are formed by setting up a fraction that has equivalent amounts on top and bottom. For example, you can construct conversion factors between kilograms and grams as follows ... 

The test consists of about 136 multiple-choice questions. A periodic table is printed in the test booklet as well as a table of information (see page 10) presenting various physical constants and a few conversion factors among SI units. Whenever necessary, additional values of physical constants are printed with the text of the question. Test questions are constructed to simplify mathematical manipulations. As a result, neither calculators nor tables of logarithms are needed. If the solution to a problem requires the use of logarithms, the necessary values are included with the question. 

The density of mercury is 13.59 g/cm (see Table 1-8). To convert this value to the desired units, we can use unit factors constructed from the conversion factors in Table 1-7. 

We construct unit factors from the data given, from conversion factors in Table 1-7, and from Avogadro s number. 

We continue constructing the unit analysis setup by writing the skeleton ofa conversion factor the parentheses, the line dividing the numerator and the denominator, and the unit that we know we want to cancel. This step helps to organize our thoughts by showing us that our first conversion factor must have the nm unit on the bottom to cancel the nm unit associated with 365 nm. 

Percentages also provide ratios that can be used as unit analysis conversion factors. Because percentages are assumed to be mass percentages unless otherwise indicated, they tell us the number of mass units of the part for each 100 mass units of the whole. The ratio can be constructed using any unit of mass as long as the same unit is written in both the numerator and denominator. This leads to the third conversion factor in our setup. The fourth conversion factor changes pounds to grams. 

The number of grams in the molar mass of an element is the same as the atomic mass. Translating atomic masses into molar masses, you can construct conversion factors that convert between the mass of an element and the number of moles of the element. 

To see how molarity can be used in equation stoichiometry problems, let s take a look at the thought process for calculating the number of milliliters of 1.00 M AgN03 necessary to precipitate the phosphate from 25.00 mL of0.500 M Na3P04. The problem asks us to convert from amount of one substance in a chemical reaction to amount of another substance in the reaction, so we know it is an equation stoichiometry problem. The core of our setup will be the conversion factor for changing moles of sodium phosphate to moles of silver nitrate. To construct it, we need to know the molar ratio of AgN03 to Na3P04, which comes from the balanced equation for the reaction. 

Given a balanced chemical equation (or enough information to write one), construct conversion factors that relate moles of any two reactants or products in the reaction. 

The universal gas constant (A) is different from other conversion factors in that it contains four units rather than two. When we use it to convert from liters to moles, its presence introduces the units of atm and K. We can cancel these units, however, with a ratio constructed from the temperature and pressure values that we are given for H2 ... 

Conversion factors are ratios used to express a measured quantity in different units. Suppose we want to know the distance of that 150-mile car trip in feet. To convert the distance between miles and feet, we use equivalent quantities to construct the desired conversion factor. The equivalent quantities in this case are 1 mile and the number of feet in 1 mile ... 

We can construct two conversion factors from this equivalency. Dividing both sides by 5280 ft gives one conversion factor (shown in blue) ... 

If we want the height of Angel Falls in meters (m), we use the equivalent quantities 1 km = 1000 m to construct the conversion factor ... 

Solution Converting the known length from centimeters to inches The equivalent quantities alongside the roadmap arrow are the ones needed to construct the conversion factor. We choose 1 in/2.54 cm, rather than the inverse, because it gives an answer in inches ... 

A measured quantity consists of a number and a unit. Conversion factors are used to express a quantity in different units and are constructed as a ratio of equivalent quantities. The probiem-soiving approach used in this text usually has four parts (1) devise a plan for the solution, (2) put the plan into effect in the calculations, (3) check to see if the ansvwer makes sense, and (4) practice with similar problems. 

Plan We have to find the volume of the galena from the change in volume of the cylinder contents. The volume of galena in mL is the difference in the known volumes before and after adding it. The units mL and cm represent identical volumes, so the volume of the galena in mL equals the volume in cm . We construct a conversion factor to convert the volume from mL to L. The calculation steps are shown in the roadmap. 

Plan The CO2 pressure is given in units of mmHg, so we construct conversion factors from Table 5.1 to find the pressure in the other units. 

We carry out the calculation by using the equivalence statement 1 mol H atoms = 1.008 g H to construct the conversion factor we need ... 

To caicuiate this energy in calories, we construct the appropriate conversion factor. We want to change from joules to calories, so cai must be in the numerator and J in the denominator, where it cancels ... 

Ans. The problem here is to work out the conversion of yards to centimeters, which means a conversion factor with dimensions, centimeters/yards. This conversion factor does not exist, but must be constructed using a series of factors which when multiplied together produce the desired result. It is difficult to visualize the intervening steps frcrni yards to centimeters, but they become clear when we go about it backward. What might be the best route to go from centimeters to yards ... 

While high isotope conversion factors are desirable in many instances, in other cases simplicity of construction and care of handling the materials involved can be more important. The present application is therefore primarily directed toward the provision of a simply constructed 60 isotope converter wherein the active materials are in solid form, can be easily cooled in place, and easily re-mov for processing, and replaced with fresh material. It will be understood that the selection of fissionable materials, moderator materials and fertile materials, the 65 relative amounts thereof and the critical size of the reactive composition required to produce a self-sustaining chain reaction, are not in themselves the subject of the present invention. These criteria are now familiar to persons skilled in the art The invention is concerned 70 with a novel construction which may be employed with any of the various combinations of materials which are already well known. 

---