Concurrent behavior

With all of these pharmacotherapies, concurrent behavioral treatment is critical to retain the patient in treatment and maintain adherence to medication treatment. Contingency management programs in which patients receive vouchers that can be used to purchase pro-social goods and services are the most common reinforcer approaches used to initiate and maintain stimulant-free urine test results (Anker and Crowley 1982 Boudin 1972 Higgins et al. 1991, 1993, 1994). The major problem with these approaches has been maintaining abstinence after the reinforcers are withdrawn completely and devel-... 

Tilson, H. A., and Sparber, S. B. (1972) Studies on the concurrent behavioral and neurochemical effects of psychoactive drugs using the push-pull cannula. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 181 387-398. 

Concurrent behavioral therapy No predictors of outcome found... 

Using a natural language input to specify asynchronous concurrent behavior (PHRAN-SPAN). 

The designer may find that certain parts of the behavior interact with other concurrent behaviors and thus have data rate constraints not attainable by the behavior as a whole. 

A second scenario, where the constraint is time, is shown in Figure 1-3. Here the designer finds that the instantaneous rate at which data is being produced at the behavior s input may exceed the instantaneous rate at which it can consume the data. The standard solution to this producer - consumer problem suggests that part of the consumer behavior be split off and coupled with a queue to buffer the peak data rate until the rest of the consumer behavior can consume it. As illustrated in Figure 1-3, what was originally one behavior has now become two concurrent behaviors. Now the producer (not shown) feeds data to the queue behavior which buffers it for consumption. The queue reacts to the bursty arrival rates and allows the consumer to work at its own rate. 

Matrix QMC procedures, similar to configuration interaction treatments, have been devised in an attempt to calculate many states concurrently. These methods are not yet well developed, as evidenced by oscillatory behavior in the excited-state energies. 

In contrast to the saturated azlactones, the Friedel-Crafts reaction of 2-substituted-4-arylidene-5-oxazolones is quite complex and may follow several different courses, often concurrently, depending on both reaction conditions and structural variations in the arylidene ring. This behavior is readily interpreted in terms of the a,)S-unsaturated carbonyl moiety and the cross-conjugated system containing nitrogen, both of which provide potential reaction sites in addition to the lactone carbonyl group. The reaction has been investigated " ... 

In two studies in which benzodia2epines were gradually tapered, concurrent cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) did not increase the proportion of patients who were able to successfully discontinue their use of these agents (Oude Voshaar et al. 2003 Vorma et al. 2003). On the other hand, other studies of patients with panic disorder found that CBT facilitated the discontinuation of benzodiazepine use (Otto et al. 1993). Similarly, CBT may be superior to supportive medical management in preventing the reoccurrence of panic attacks in panic disorder patients in whom alprazolam has been tapered (Bruce etal. 1999). 

Figure 15.3 EEG/EMG recordings showing the differences between cataplexy (A) in an orexin l mouse, and a sleep attack (B) in an OX-jR mouse. Note how cataplexy (i.e. an abrupt arrest) is associated with a transition to REM sleep, but the sleep attack (i.e. a gradual arrest) shows the characteristics of non-REM sleep after the transition. In fact, based only on these EEG/EMG records, the sleep attack would not appear unusual, and it is the associated behavior, as revealed on the concurrent video recordings (i.e. the collapse into sleep without the typical preparatory behaviors), that reveals how this type of attack is similar to the overwhelming sleepiness experienced by the narcoleptic patient. Vertical arrows denote the times at which an arrest is behaviorally evident. Scale bar is 10 sec. Adapted from Willie et al. (2003).

FIGURE 59-1. Pharmacotherapy treatment algorithm. A select population of individuals, based on body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) together with concurrent risk factors, may benefit from medication therapy as an adjunct to a program of weight loss that includes diet, exercise, and behavioral modification. (CHD, coronary heart disease DM, diabetes mellitus, HTN, hypertension INC WC, >40 inches for males and >35 inches for females LCD, low-calorie diet.)... 

A component specification has been written. It may come from requirements analysis (see Pattern 15.7, Construct a System Behavior Spec) or may be a part of the design of something larger (see Pattern 16.3, Reifying Major Concurrent Use Cases). 

Lochry, E.A. (1987). Concurrent use of behavioral/functional testing in existing reproductive and developmental toxicity screens Practical consideration. J. Am. Coll. Toxicol. 6 433-439. 

Rats represent an excellent model for EEGs as they are cheap, resist infection during chronic electrode and cannulae implantation, and are relatively easy to train so that behavioral assessments can be made concurrently. 

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