Contamination in groundwater

Technology Description In-situ chemical treatment uses the same principles employed for above-ground chemical processes. Materials are added to neutralize, oxidize or remove contaminants in groundwater or soils in order to avoid digging or pumping of the contaminated waste above ground for... 

Giger W, Schwarzenbach RP, Hoehn E, et al. 1983. [Behavior of organic water contaminants in groundwater formation and in groundwater.] Gas, Wasser, Abwasser 63 517-531. (German)... 

ToranL. 1994. Radionuclide contamination in groundwater Is there a problem In Environmental science pollution control series. New York, NY M. Dekker, 437-455. 

Kavanaugh, M.C. and Trussel, R.R., Air stripping as a pre-treatment process, in Organic Chemical Contaminants in Groundwater Transport and Removal, American Water Works Association, Denver, CO, 1981, pp. 83-106. 

A full-scale cleanup was performed using in situ bioremediation to treat MTBE and BTEX at a service station in Massachusetts. Soil at the site consists of a layer of sand and gravel underlain by peat, silt, and clay. The in situ bioremediation system consisted of 12 injection wells and two butane injection panels used to stimulate cometabolic aerobic biodegradation of the contaminants in groundwater. The system was operated between October 2000 and January 2001. MTBE concentrations were reduced from 370 to 12 pg/L and BTEX contamination in groundwater was reduced by approximately two orders of magnitude during the 4-month period.74... 

Because of their water solubility and low partition coefficients, MTBE and other oxygenates are difficult to adsorb on GAC. Other, more preferentially adsorbed, contaminants in groundwater may also reduce the capacity of GAC to remove MTBE and other oxygenates. 

Murphy E, Zachara J (1995) The role of sorbed humic substances on the distribution of organic and inorganic contaminants in groundwater. Geoderma 67 103-124... 

Zoeteman, B.C.J., De Greef, E., Brinkmann, F.J.J. (1981) Persistency of organic contaminants in groundwater. Lessons from soil pollution incidents in the Netherlands. Sci. Total Environ. 21, 187-202. 

Unlike petroleum hydrocarbons, organic compounds in general followed a different evolutionary path. Chlorinated solvents are a common group of organic compounds, and are also the most frequently encountered contaminant in groundwater. Common industrial chemicals that are characterized as chlorinated solvents include trichloro-ethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), tetrachloroethene (PCE) or perchloro-ethylene, chlorofluorocarbon (Freon)-113 (i.e., 1,1,2-trichloroethane or 1,2,2-tri-fluoroethane), and methylene chloride. In 1997, the EPA reported the presence of TCE and PCE in 852 of 945 groundwater supply systems throughout the United States and in 771 of 1420 Superfund sites. 

Cherry, J. A., Billham, R. W., and Barker, J. F., 1983, Contaminants in Groundwater Chemical Processes Groundwater Contamination In Studies in Geophysics, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 46-64. 

Stuermer DH, Ng DJ, Morris CJ. 1982. Organic contaminants in groundwater near an underground coal gasification site in northeastern Wyoming. Environ Sci Technol 16 582-587. 

Roberts, P.V. Nature of organic contaminants in groundwater and approaches to treatment, in Proceedings, A WWA Seminar on Organic Chemical Contaminants in Groundwater Transport and Removal (St. Louis, MO American Water Works Association, 1981), pp. 47-65. 

In general, becanse of the combination of solubility and toxicity characteristics, aromatic componnds are the major group of PH contaminants in groundwater. However, dne to the large amounts of PH released to the environment and lack of information, mnch more research is needed to understand the behavior and toxicity of these complex mixtnres and their potential effect on the subsurface environment. 

In situ reactive zones using molasses is an in situ bioremediation technology that precipitates heavy metals and destroys organic contaminants in groundwater. The technology uses... 

The Biotrol methanotrophic bioreactor system is an ex situ remedial technology that uses methanotrophic bacteria to degrade contaminants in groundwater. Methanotrophs use methane... 

The process can treat organic contaminants in groundwater with low concentrations and organic contaminants in industrial wastewater with concentrations over 10,000 ppm. 

Morrison, S. J., Tripathi, V. S. Spangler, R. R. 1995. Coupled reaction/transport modeling of a chemical barrier for controlling uranium (VI) contamination in groundwater. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 17, 347-363. 

From a practical perspective, conventional remedial methods (e.g., pump-and-treat) for hydrophobic contaminants in groundwater have generally failed to produce a... 

Unfortunately, it is not always possible to precisely identify the cause(s) of arsenic contamination in groundwater (Chapter 6). Determining the cause(s) requires detailed field and laboratory studies of the geological, chemical, biological, and physical properties of the subsurface materials, which would include identifying groundwater flow patterns and changes in the distribution of arsenic over the study area. 

Kirk, M.F., Holm, T.R., Park, J. et al. (2004) Bacterial sulfate reduction limits natural arsenic contamination in groundwater. Geology, 32(11), 953-56. 

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