Contaminated Ground Waters

In the early years of ground water and soil remediation, pump and treat was the conventional technology. Contaminated ground water is pumped to the surface where it is treated and reinjected or discharged to surface waters or wastewater treatment plants. Reinjection maybe used to stimulate in situ... 

J. L. Sims and co-workers. In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/540/S-92/003, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

Jarvinen KT, ES Melin, K A Puhakka (1994) High-rate bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated ground-water at low temperatures. Environ Sci Technol 28 2387-2392. 

Gibson TL, AS Abdul, PD Chalmer (1998) Enhancement of in situ bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated ground water by diffusion from silicone tubing. Ground Water Monit Remed 18 93-104. 

Shanklin DE, Sidle WC, Ferguson ME (1995) Micro-purge low-flow sampling of uranium-contaminated ground-water at the Femald environmental management project. Ground Water Monitor Remediat 15 168-176... 

Tu, S., Ma, L.Q., Fayiga, A.O., and Zillioux, E.J., Phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated ground-water by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittatah., International Journal of Phytoremediation, 6 (1), 35-47, 2004. 

Natarajan, S., Stamps, R.H., Saha, U.K., and Ma, L.Q., Phytofiltration of arsenic-contaminated ground-water using Pteris Vittata L. Effect of plant density and nitrogen and phosphorus levels, International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10 (3), 222-235, 2008. 

Integrated vapor extraction and steam vacuum stripping can simultaneously treat groundwater and soil contaminated with VOCs. The system developed by AWD Technologies consists of two basic processes a vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to treat contaminated ground-water and a soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection process to treat contaminated soil. The two processes form a closed-loop system that provides simultaneous in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil with no air emission. 

U.S. EPA, Economic Analysis of the Implementation of Permeable Reactive Barriers for Remediation of Contaminated Ground Water, EPA/600/R-02/034, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, June 2002. 

Stover, E. L., 1982, Removal of Volatile Organics from Contaminated Ground Water In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association Second National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration and Ground Water Monitoring, May, pp. 77-84. 

Ram NM, Exner P, Bell R, et al. 1985. Feasibility of treating contaminated ground water at a hazardous waste site. In Proceedings of the NWWA/API conference on petroleum hydrocarbons and organic chemicals in ground water --prevention, detection and restoration, 513-534. 

T0235 Electrochemical Treatment of Contaminated Ground Water—General T0279 Environmental Research and Development, Inc., The Neutral Process for Heavy Metals Removal... 

The Stripperator is an ex situ technology for the treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated ground-water. It integrates an oil/water separator, an air stripper, a sump, and a blower into one unit. According to the vendor, the technology will separate free product, coalesce suspended or colloidal hydrocarbons, settle solids, and remove 99.99% of dissolved volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 

TABLE 1 Estimated Remediation Costs for BTEX"-Contaminated Ground Water... 

At the Sierra Army Depot in Herlong, California, groundwater had been contaminated by trinitrotoluene (TNT) and trichloroethylene (TCE). The 28-acre plume of contaminated ground-water was located about 70 ft underground. The U.S. Army evaluated the cost difference between conventional pump-and-treat systems, ultraviolet (UV) oxidation, granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, and MNA. The active treatments were estimated to cost between 6 and 10 million while MNA costs were estimated to be approximately 1 million (D17451Q). 

Estimated costs of ECP treatment range from 0.20 to 20 per 1000 gal of contaminated ground-water treated (D19128Q, p. 1 D19129R, p. 1). Costs will vary depending on the contaminant treated, solids percent of the influent, and other site-specific variables. Operational costs for a site contaminated with 10 to 25 parts per million (ppm) in total hydrocarbons [chiefly chlorinated hydrocarbons or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)] were estimated to be 0.50 per 1000 gal of contaminated groundwater treated. This estimate does not include profit (D19413S). 

The technology has been demonstrated in pilot-scale and full-scale applications to treat pharmaceutical effluent, oily wastewater, landfill leachate, tanneries effluent, contaminated ground-water, and food effluents. ZenoGem is patented and commercially available. 

Rostad CE, Pereira WE, Hult MF. 1985. Partitioning studies of coal-tar constituents in a two-phase contaminated ground-water system. Chemosphere 14 1023-1036. ... 

COTRUVO The ground water is set as being ideal, one that is uncontaminated by industrial activities. So, in the case of ground water, as an example, I would answer your last question by picking out a representative contaminated ground water. I would try to pick a representative clean ground water as the primary standard. 

Morgan, P., Lewis, S. T. Watkinson, R.J. (1993). Biodegradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in gas-condensate-contaminated ground-water. Environmental Pollution, 82(2), 181-90. 

Sunder and Hempel (1996) oxidized perchloroethylene contained in a simulated (model) contaminated ground water in an indirectly gassed system. The ozone gas was absorbed in a highly efficient ozone absorber, consisting of an injector nozzle and a special absorber chamber, the so-called Aquatector . In pure water this system produces micro-bubbles of 30 to 50 pm diameter. In this way, dissolved ozone was mixed with the contaminant in the entrance of the tube reactor. This reactor had the following dimensions Qt = 220 L h-1,... 

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