Contaminated ground

In the early years of ground water and soil remediation, pump and treat was the conventional technology. Contaminated ground water is pumped to the surface where it is treated and reinjected or discharged to surface waters or wastewater treatment plants. Reinjection maybe used to stimulate in situ... 

J. L. Sims and co-workers. In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Ground Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/540/S-92/003, Washington, D.C., 1992. 

Skladany, G.J., J.M. Thomas, G. Fisher and R. Ramachandran. The Design, Economics and Operation of a Biological Treatment System for Ketone Contaminated Ground and Solvent Recovery Process Waters. Presented at the 42nd Annual Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 1987. 

Balinova AM, Mondesky M. 1999. Pesticide contamination ground and surface water in Bulgarian Danube Plain. J Environ Sci Health B 34(l) 33-46. 

Jarvinen KT, ES Melin, K A Puhakka (1994) High-rate bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated ground-water at low temperatures. Environ Sci Technol 28 2387-2392. 

For the sake of completeness, attention is drawn to physical procedures for removal of contaminants and for their chemical destruction. A valuable review by Hamby (1996) summarizes chemical and physical treatments of soils and contaminated ground and surface waters. Examples include the following ... 

Gibson TL, AS Abdul, PD Chalmer (1998) Enhancement of in situ bioremediation of BTEX-contaminated ground water by diffusion from silicone tubing. Ground Water Monit Remed 18 93-104. 

Seepage of uncontaminated water into the contaminated ground, thus leaching the cyanide into the ground water. 

Shanklin DE, Sidle WC, Ferguson ME (1995) Micro-purge low-flow sampling of uranium-contaminated ground-water at the Femald environmental management project. Ground Water Monitor Remediat 15 168-176... 

Tu, S., Ma, L.Q., Fayiga, A.O., and Zillioux, E.J., Phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated ground-water by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittatah., International Journal of Phytoremediation, 6 (1), 35-47, 2004. 

Natarajan, S., Stamps, R.H., Saha, U.K., and Ma, L.Q., Phytofiltration of arsenic-contaminated ground-water using Pteris Vittata L. Effect of plant density and nitrogen and phosphorus levels, International Journal of Phytoremediation, 10 (3), 222-235, 2008. 

Integrated vapor extraction and steam vacuum stripping can simultaneously treat groundwater and soil contaminated with VOCs. The system developed by AWD Technologies consists of two basic processes a vacuum stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to treat contaminated ground-water and a soil gas vapor extraction/reinjection process to treat contaminated soil. The two processes form a closed-loop system that provides simultaneous in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater and soil with no air emission. 

U.S. EPA, Economic Analysis of the Implementation of Permeable Reactive Barriers for Remediation of Contaminated Ground Water, EPA/600/R-02/034, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, June 2002. 

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the USA has estimated that Campylobacter and Salmonella are the top two bacterial foodbome pathogens as they are responsible for a total of 2 and 1.3 million foodbome infections every year (Mead et al., 1999). Most of the cases of infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella appear to be due to eggs and poultry, but a significant number of cases are related to beef products (CDC, 2005 Jay, 2000). EHEC does not cause as many infections as the top two pathogens (approximately 100,000 in the USA), but EHEC is frequently linked to outbreaks of diarrhea caused by the consumption of contaminated ground beef (Mead et al., 1999, Rangel et al., 2005). Infections caused by EHEC are the major microbial public health concern related to ruminant food products. 

In places where there are concerns about buried materials or sources of contamination, ground penetrating radar (GPR) surveys may be helpful in determining the best sampling approach. GPR can also detect coarse textured subsoils and water relationships in soils having these types of horizons. However, there are some limits as to where GPR can be used and the equipment for doing a GPR survey is expensive [3],... 

Stover, E. L., 1982, Removal of Volatile Organics from Contaminated Ground Water In Proceedings of the National Water Well Association Second National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration and Ground Water Monitoring, May, pp. 77-84. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2003. Nicotine poisoning after ingestion of contaminated ground beef—Michigan, 2003. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (18) 413-16. 

Ram NM, Exner P, Bell R, et al. 1985. Feasibility of treating contaminated ground water at a hazardous waste site. In Proceedings of the NWWA/API conference on petroleum hydrocarbons and organic chemicals in ground water --prevention, detection and restoration, 513-534. 

T0235 Electrochemical Treatment of Contaminated Ground Water—General T0279 Environmental Research and Development, Inc., The Neutral Process for Heavy Metals Removal... 

The Stripperator is an ex situ technology for the treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated ground-water. It integrates an oil/water separator, an air stripper, a sump, and a blower into one unit. According to the vendor, the technology will separate free product, coalesce suspended or colloidal hydrocarbons, settle solids, and remove 99.99% of dissolved volatile organic compounds (VOCs). 

TABLE 1 Estimated Remediation Costs for BTEX"-Contaminated Ground Water... 

At the Sierra Army Depot in Herlong, California, groundwater had been contaminated by trinitrotoluene (TNT) and trichloroethylene (TCE). The 28-acre plume of contaminated ground-water was located about 70 ft underground. The U.S. Army evaluated the cost difference between conventional pump-and-treat systems, ultraviolet (UV) oxidation, granular activated carbon (GAC) filters, and MNA. The active treatments were estimated to cost between 6 and 10 million while MNA costs were estimated to be approximately 1 million (D17451Q). 

Estimated costs of ECP treatment range from 0.20 to 20 per 1000 gal of contaminated ground-water treated (D19128Q, p. 1 D19129R, p. 1). Costs will vary depending on the contaminant treated, solids percent of the influent, and other site-specific variables. Operational costs for a site contaminated with 10 to 25 parts per million (ppm) in total hydrocarbons [chiefly chlorinated hydrocarbons or benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX)] were estimated to be 0.50 per 1000 gal of contaminated groundwater treated. This estimate does not include profit (D19413S). 

Sonochemical destruction is a process for the destruction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water using ultrasound. The technique is being researched for the treatment of contaminated ground and process water. Sonochemistry in liquids is the inducement of chemical reactions by the application of ultrasound energy acoustic cavitation results in the formation of hot spots of intense temperature and pressure that cause the destruction of VOCs. 

The technology has been demonstrated in pilot-scale and full-scale applications to treat pharmaceutical effluent, oily wastewater, landfill leachate, tanneries effluent, contaminated ground-water, and food effluents. ZenoGem is patented and commercially available. 

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