Arsenic hyperaccumulation

Tu, S., Ma, L.Q., Fayiga, A.O., and Zillioux, E.J., Phytoremediation of arsenic-contaminated ground-water by the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittatah., International Journal of Phytoremediation, 6 (1), 35-47, 2004. 

Zhao F.J., Dunham S.J., and McGrath S.P. Arsenic hyperaccumulation by different fern species. New Phytol 2002 156 27-31. 

Fitz, W.J., Wenzel, W.W., Zhang, H. et al. (2003) Rhizosphere characteristics of the arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L. and monitoring of phytoremoval efficiency. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(21), 5008-14. 

Huang, J.W., Poynton, C.Y., Kochian, L.V. and Elless, M.P. (2004) Phytofiltration of arsenic from drinking water using arsenic-hyperaccumulating ferns. Environmental Science and Technology, 38(12), 3412-17. 

Bondada, B. and Ma, L.Q. 2003. Tolerance of heavy metals in vascular plants Arsenic hyperaccumulation by Chinese brake fem (Pteris vittata L.). In Chandra S. and Siivastava M. (eds), Pteridology in the New Millennium. Kluwer Academy Publishers, the Netherlands, pp. 397--f20. 

Ellis, D.R., Gumaelius, L., Indriolo, E., Pickering, I.J., Banks, J.A., and Salt, D.E. 2006. A novel arsenate reductase from the arsenic hyperaccumulating fern Pteris vittata. Plant Physiology, 141 1544-54. 

Francesconi, K., Visoottiviseth, R, Sridokchan, W., and Goessler, W. 2002. Arsenic species in an arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pityrogramma calomelanos A potential phytoremediator of arsenic-contaminated soils. The Science of the Total Environment, 284(l-3) 27-35. 

Huang, Z., Chen, T., Lei, M., Hu, T., and Huang, Q. 2004b. EXAFS study on arsenic species and transformation in arsenic hyperaccumulator. Science in China Series C Life Sciences, 47(2) 124-9. 

Kachenko, A.G., Bhatia, N.P., Singh, B., and Siegele, R. 2007. Arsenic hyperaccumulation and localization in the pinnule and stipe tissues of the gold-dust fern (Pityrogramma calo-melanos) (L.) Link var. austroamericana (Domin) Farw. using quantitative micro-PIXE spectroscopy. Plant and Soil, 300 207-19. 

Sundaram, S., Rathinasabapathi, B., Ma, L.Q., and Rosen, B.P. 2008. An arsenate-activated glutaredoxin from the arsenic hyperaccumulator fern Pteris vittata L. regulates intracellular arsenite. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283 6095-101. 

Wang, J., Zhao, F.J., Meharg, A.A., Raab, A., Feldmann, J., and McGrath, S.P. 2002. Mechanisms of arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pteris vittata. Uptake kinetics, interactions with phosphate, and arsenic speciation. Plant Physiology, 130 1552-61. 

The term hyperaccumulators was first used by Brooks et al. [113] to describe the plants that take up and accumulate more than 1000 pmoles As/g dry weight. A report about an arsenic-hyperaccumulating fern species additionally discussed the ph)Poremediation potentials of such plants [114]. Recent investigation has shown that the arsenic compounds in terrestrial and aquatic plants, fimgi, and lichen species are also interesting natural products [115, 116]. 

G.L. Duan, et al., Characterization of arsenate reductase in the extract of roots and fronds of Chinese brake fern, an arsenic hyperaccumulator. Plant Physiol. 2005, 735(1), 461 169. 

Some plants are able to accumulate exceedingly high concentrations of arsenic (in the order of 1% dry mass). Such arsenic hyperaccumulators were first reported in 1975 (126), and there have been several subsequent reports (127,128,118,119). Recent work has shown that arsenic-hyperaccumulating ferns store their high arsenic burden primarily in the fronds as arsenite (118,119). Arsenite is generally thought to be the most toxic of the arsenic species the physiological processes at play in the fern are of considerable interest. 

In the metallomics and metalloproteomics studies, spatial analysis of absorbing atom of interest is also fascinating for elucidating the uptake and bio-transformation of different species of elements. An example studied the transformation of arsenic (Na2HAs04 or NaAs02) by the arsenic hyperaccumulator, Cretan brake Pteris cretica L. var nervosa Thunb). It was found that As tended to be reduced to As after it was taken up into the root, and arsenic was kept as As when it was transported to the above-ground tissues like petioles and pinnas. However, this example shows the spatial analysis at bulk scale therefore, this kind of XAS techniques can be called bulk-XAS. Using a microscopic mode of XAS, it is possible to obtain the information provided by bulk XAS at a spatial resolution of only a few micrometers or even... 

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