Construction of apparatus

Miniaturization and parallelization key approaches for drug development apparatus for combinatorial chemistry UHTS 1536 titer-plate format modular construction of apparatus applications of UHTS fine-chemical synthesis by micro reactors numbering-up nature as model general advantages of micro flow vision of plants-on-a-desk [233]. 

Moore, J. H., C. C. Davis, and M. A. Caplan, 1983, Building Scientific Apparatus, Addison-Wes-ley, Reading, Mass. Includes coverage of metalworking and the construction of apparatus from metal components. 

G. Nickel. Nickel (nip 1,453°C), finds its primary use in the construction of apparatus to handle fluorine and volatile fluorides. In this situation the metal is rendered passive by a fluorine coating. Nickel plating is easily performed and provides a means of imparting corrosion resistance. The metal may be machined, silver soldered, copper brazed, or welded. However, the weld should be performed on clean surfaces because the presence of impurities containing lead, sulfur, phosphorus, and various low-melting metals leads to embrittlement and failure at the weld. 

The vast majority of photochemical syntheses have been conducted in the liquid phase, hence the apparatus assembly for a photochemical reaction must take into account the light transmission characteristics of the material from which the reaction vessels are made. Pyrex glass transmits most of the incident light above about 300 nm and may be used in the construction of apparatus for reactions which require light above this wavelength. Quartz vessels, transparent down to 200 nm, must be used for reactions which require light below 300 nm. Certain types of quartz allow transmission below 200 nm. 

This 10 per cent, alloy is recommended for the construction of apparatus used in the preparation of fluorine.1 The same alloy was employed in the manufacture of the prototype metres and the geodesic-rules, which latter are four metres in length, for the Comite Internationale des Poids et Mesures, and the Association Geodesique Internationale. The density of this alloy is high, namely, about 21-52 at 20° C., which renders it useful for standard weights, particularly in view of its incorrodibility and power of taking a high polish. 

Concerns only the clauses dealing with the construction of apparatus... 

Construction of Apparatus. The schematic of the apparatus for supercritical corrosion studies is shown in Figure 1. The important components include a type 396-89 Simplex Minipump which can accurately meter (between 46 and 460 ml/hr) a wide variety of solvents at pressures up to 6000 psi (about 400 atm) an EG G Model 362 Scanning Potentiostat the electrochemical cell an IBM PC computer with interface hardware for electrochemical potential and current, temperature, and pressure measurement and control and a 316 stainless steel reactor, which holds the supercritical fluid for the measurements. The alloy was selected for excellent corrosion resistance properties and relatively low cost when compared with other exotic alloys such as Hastelloy C. 

Of other metals, gold and silver are only used for special apparatus in isolated cases platinum, for concentrating sulphuric acid zinc for vessels for storing, and for scoops and similar vessels used in handling dry goods and tin, almost exclusively in the form of tubes. Nickel and aluminium are also now largely used in the construction of apparatus for chemical works, and will no doubt be used more frequently in the future as the prices for these goods become further reduced. 

K. Mizuno, K. Kumaki, S. Hata, Y. Nishii, and S. Tomioka, Estimation of drug stability based on extra-weak chemiluminescence. I. Construction of apparatus for measuring of extra-weak chemiluminescence using photo-electron counting method [in Japanese], Yakugaku Zasshi 98, 513-519(1978). 

The tantalum and niobium tubes are readily trimmed and opened after use with the spin-cutter of the sort used for cutting copper pipe. A tapered flaring tool is also helpful during the construction of apparatus. The tantalum tubing can often be reused if contamination from contents or outgassing of the jacket is not serious. Ductility or softness (low yield stress) is a good indication of purity. 

ASTM D-3434, Standard Test Method for Multiple-Cycle Accelerated Aging Test (Automatic Boil Test) for Exterior Wet Use Wood Adhesives. This standard describes the construction of apparatus to expose adhesive joints automatically to alternate boil/dry cycles. A typical cycle is composed of (a) submerging the specimen for 10 min in boiling water, (b) drying for 4min with 23°C air... 

In this section we offer some practical guidelines for the operation of sediment traps, with emphasis on problems associated with construction of apparatus and the collection of trace inorganic and organic substances. A detailed description of handling and analysis of particulates with emphasis to trace elements is given in Section 12.6. 

The high reactivity of fluorine which is responsible for its usefulness in inorganic thermochemistry is also the cause of the principal difficulties associated with the technique problems in selecting suitable materials for the construction of apparatus, the need for elaborate safety precautions, and difficulties in the analysis of volatile products in the presence of excess fluorine. Bombs of the conventional Berthelot type are used but are... 

If safety characteristics like flash points, ignition temperatures or explosion limits are needed, databases like CHEM-SAFE or the DANGEROUS GOODS CD-ROM will be a good choice. CHEMSAFE contains safety characteristics recommended by Federal German authorities together with information on the methods of measurement. For proper planning of chemical plants and construction of apparatus this can be very valuable. 

Separation efficiency of gas bursts in apparatuses of shock-inertial act can be discovered only on the basis of empirical data on particular constructions of apparatuses. Methods of calculations which are put into practice are based on an assumption about possibility of linear approximation of dependence of separation efficiency from diameter of corpuscles in a likelihood-logarithmic coordinate system. 

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