Construction of Typical Apparatuses

The construction of DTA apparatus is simple and consists of a furnace, differential thermocouple, temperature thermocouple, specimen holders, temperature programmer and recorder. The schematic of a typical DTA apparatus is shown in Figure 3.5. 

Fluidized-bed technology was founded in 1922 by Winkler [99] for coal gasification, but has since been extended into many areas of applications which require different constructions of fluidized-bed apparatus. Typical examples of these are described in Refs. [7] and [93],... 

Water used in the experiments was doubly distilled and passed through an ion exchange unit. The conductivity was approximately 1 x 10"6 S/m. Simulated HLLW consisted of 21 metal nitrates in an aqueous 1.6 M nitric acid solution as shown in Table 1 and was supplied by EBARA Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Concentrations were verified by AA for Na and Cs with 1000 1 dilution and by ICP for the other elements with 100 1 dilution. Total metal ion concentration was 98,393 ppm. The experimental apparatus consisted of nominal 9.2 cm3 batch reactors (O.D. 12.7 mm, I.D. 8.5 mm) constructed of 316 stainless steel with an internal K-type thermocouple for temperature measurement. Heating of each reactor was accomplished with a 50%NaNO2 + 50% KNO 2 salt bath that was stirred to insure uniform temperature. Temperature in the bath did not vary more than 1 K. The reactors were loaded with the simulated HLLW waste at atmospheric conditions according to an approximate calculated pressure. Each reactor was then immersed in the salt bath for 2 min -24 hours. After a predetermined time, the reactor was removed from the bath and quenched in a 293 K water bath. The reactor was opened and the contents were passed through a 0.1 pm nitro-ceflulose filter while diluting with water. Analysis of the liquid was performed with methods in Table 1. Analysis of filtered solids were carried out with X-ray diffraction with a CuK a beam and Ni filter. Reaction time was defined as the time that the sample spent at the desired temperature. Typical cumulative heat-up and cool-down time was on the order of one minute. Results of this work are reported in terms of recoveries as defined by ... 

A typical vacuum distillation apparatus is illustrated in Fig. 1. It is constructed of a round-bottomed flask (often called the pot ) containing the material to be distilled, a Claisen distilling head fitted with a hair-fine capillary mounted through a rubber tubing sleeve, and a thermometer with the bulb extending below the side arm opening. The condenser fits into a vacuum adapter that is connected to the receiver and, via heavy-walled rubber tubing, to a mercury manometer and thence to the trap and water aspirator. 

ASTM D-3434, Standard Test Method for Multiple-Cycle Accelerated Aging Test (Automatic Boil Test) for Exterior Wet Use Wood Adhesives. This standard describes the construction of apparatus to expose adhesive joints automatically to alternate boil/dry cycles. A typical cycle is composed of (a) submerging the specimen for 10 min in boiling water, (b) drying for 4min with 23°C air... 

The construction of the laser typically involves robust mechanical apparatirs rather than electrical or chemical apparatus. 

The details of the construction of the photo-oxidation cell are shown in Figure 10.40. Typical photo-oxidation profiles obtained using this apparatus are shown in Figure 10.41. The first portion of each curve shows the differential pressure versus time during the thermal equilibration of the apparatus. If the pressure remains constant for an extended period of time then the apparatus is adequately sealed and thermal equilibrium has been achieved. The pressure in the sample cell decreases as photo-oxidation proceeds. 

A schematic illustration of a typical inlet apparatus for separating volatile hydrides from the analyte solution, in which they are generated upon reduction with sodium tetrahydroborate. When the mixed analyte solution containing volatile hydrides enters the main part of the gas/liquid separator, the volatiles are released and mix with argon sweep and makeup gas, with which they are transported to the center of the plasma. The unwanted analyte solution drains from the end of the gas/liquid separator. The actual construction details of these gas/liquid separators can vary considerably, but all serve the same purpose. In some of them, there can be an intermediate stage for removal of air and hydrogen from the hydrides before the latter are sent to the plasma. 

---