Problems techniques

Since the reliability of gas turbines in the power industry has been lower than desired in recent years because of hot-corrosion problems, techniques have been developed to detect and control the parameters that cause these problems. By monitoring the water content and corrosive contaminant in the fuel line, any changes in fuel quality can be noted and corrective measures initiated. The concept here is that Na contaminants in the fuel are caused from external sources such as seawater thus, by monitoring water content, Na content is automatically being monitored. This on-line technique is adequate for lighter distillate fuels. For heavier fuels, a more complete analysis of the fuel should be carried out at least once a month using the batch-type system. The data should be input directly to the computer. The water and corrosion detecting systems also operate in conjunction with the batch analysis for the heavier fuels. 

There is a lot of examples of outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions occurring in irradiated systems of typical inorganic complexes [188-191]. However, for metallotetrapyrroles such reactions involving the central atom are rather rare. It should be underlined that it is usually not so simple to distinguish between the primary outer-sphere and inner-sphere step, particularly in cases when both lead to the same product and proceed with comparable rates. Moreover, a number of outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions occur as reversible processes with no net chemical change. To solve this problem, techniques of... 

Once these ontological specifications are created, it is possible to apply reasoning tools to automatically create workflows of services that tackle tasks that require the involvement of multiple services. These are of particular interest, as they offer the possibility of on-the-fly aggregation of services and information in response to a scientist s (potentially complex) query, without the need for workflows to have been predefined. Such reasoning tools already exist, but they require exhaustive search of the Web services space (an NP-complete problem). Techniques and heuristics are being developed in the Semantic Web community to reduce the search spaces and effect efficient searches. We will participate in these efforts while tailoring the searches to cheminformatics. 

To address the docking problem, techniques for a more global exploration of the en-ag/ landscape are required. A variety of methods is available, frequently used in the context cf other modeling applications and optimization problems as well. Three major classes may be distinguished Monte Carlo techniques, molecular dynamics simulations, and genetic algorithms. Many different vari-fants exist for all of them and frequently, in... 

To address these problems, techniques to prepare spherical composites and grafted polymers have been developed. MIPs were polymerised in the pores of spherical synthetic polymer beads and silica particles [23-25]. The selectivities of these materials were in the same range as those obtained on irregular particles prepared from bulk polymers, while the chromatographic efficiencies were improved. 

Fluorescence-based quantitative PCR. Initially, a major obstacle to the use of PCR for gene expression quantification was that the final level of product that could be detected was derived from a limitation not related to the starting quantity of template. This means that parallel reactions with vastly different template inoculations resulted in near identical final product levels. To overcome this problem, techniques have been developed that take a snap shot of product levels during the PCR reaction. The most commonly used of these are based on fluorescence in situ monitoring of PCR progress using two main detection methods. 

As shown in this chapter, theoretical treatments of P450 problems have come of age, and they enable the study of many features related to the three-dimensional structures, the electronic structures, substrate binding, reactivity, and dynamics of the various physical processes in the cycle. This ability will only increase with time, as the various techniques will be brought to bear simultaneously on a given problem. Techniques similar to combinatorial sjmthesis will have to be adopted in order to screen fast many alternative possibilities. 

Also, there is a chapter in Innovations in Safety Management titled The Safety Decision Hierarchy. It sets forth a decision-making process for risk elimination and control within the context of the principles of good problem techniques. 

F. Gugumus, Preprint, Sympos. on Polymer Stabilization and Degradation Problems, Techniques and Applications, Manchester, England, Sept. 1985. 

Another notorious problem of the coupled model is its tendency to drift to the states of atmosphere and ocean that are unlike the present states during a long time integration. In the noncoupled system, the bormdaiy conditions act as an anchor to the long-term trend of the model and the system cannot drift too far away from reality. By contrast, in the coupled system, because of the imperfection of the system, both the atmospheric and ocean models tend to drift toward their equilibrium states, which are sometimes far away fiom reality. This is called climate drift and is a cousin of the spin-up problem. In order to deal with this climate drift problem, techniques have been developed. They are based on the practice of flux correction, which makes a posteriori adjustments of various fluxes at the air-sea interface in order to prevent climate drift. Unfortunately, the correction terms are not necessarily small compared with the fluxes themselves. Therefore, the need of flux correction is indicative of the shortcoming in handling the interface conditions. 

Requires a broad perspective of the event to identify unrelated problems Helps to identify where deviations from acceptable methods occurred A singular problem technique that can be used in support of a largo-... 

Due to the surface of nano-particle is very active, it is difficult to prepare stable nano-particles without aggregation. To clear this problem, techniques such as addition of surface active agents, or modification of e particle surface, have been developed. With these metiiods, stable nano-particle colloids of CdS, PbS, ZnS, Fe2p3, CdSe, etc. were obtained X... 

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